Linux System Programming. Talking Directly to the Kernel and C Library. 2nd Edition Robert Love

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• Linux System Programming
• Dedication
• Foreword
• Preface
  • Audience and Assumptions
  • Contents of This Book
  • Versions Covered in This Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Using Code Examples
  • Safari Books Online
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction and Essential Concepts
  • System Programming
    • Why Learn System Programming
    • Cornerstones of System Programming
    • System Calls
      • Invoking system calls
    • The C Library
    • The C Compiler
  • APIs and ABIs
    • APIs
    • ABIs
  • Standards
    • POSIX and SUS History
    • C Language Standards
    • Linux and the Standards
    • This Book and the Standards
  • Concepts of Linux Programming
    • Files and the Filesystem
      • Regular files
      • Directories and links
      • Hard links
      • Symbolic links
      • Special files
      • Filesystems and namespaces
    • Processes
      • Threads
      • Process hierarchy
    • Users and Groups
    • Permissions
    • Signals
    • Interprocess Communication
    • Headers
    • Error Handling
  • Getting Started with System Programming
• 2. File I/O
  • Opening Files
    • The open() System Call
      • Flags for open()
    • Owners of New Files
    • Permissions of New Files
    • The creat() Function
    • Return Values and Error Codes
  • Reading via read()
    • Return Values
    • Reading All the Bytes
    • Nonblocking Reads
    • Other Error Values
    • Size Limits on read()
  • Writing with write()
    • Partial Writes
    • Append Mode
    • Nonblocking Writes
    • Other Error Codes
    • Size Limits on write()
    • Behavior of write()
  • Synchronized I/O
    • fsync() and fdatasync()
      • Return values and error codes
    • sync()
    • The O_SYNC Flag
    • O_DSYNC and O_RSYNC
  • Direct I/O
  • Closing Files
    • Error Values
  • Seeking with lseek()
    • Seeking Past the End of a File
    • Error Values
    • Limitations
  • Positional Reads and Writes
    • Error Values
  • Truncating Files
  • Multiplexed I/O
    • select()
      • Return values and error codes
      • select() example
      • Portable sleeping with select()
      • pselect()
    • poll()
      • Return values and error codes
      • poll() example
      • ppoll()
    • poll() Versus select()
  • Kernel Internals
    • The Virtual Filesystem
    • The Page Cache
    • Page Writeback
  • Conclusion
• 3. Buffered I/O
  • User-Buffered I/O
    • Block Size
  • Standard I/O
    • File Pointers
  • Opening Files
    • Modes
  • Opening a Stream via File Descriptor
  • Closing Streams
    • Closing All Streams
  • Reading from a Stream
    • Reading a Character at a Time
      • Putting the character back
    • Reading an Entire Line
      • Reading arbitrary strings
    • Reading Binary Data
  • Writing to a Stream
    • Writing a Single Character
    • Writing a String of Characters
    • Writing Binary Data
  • Sample Program Using Buffered I/O
  • Seeking a Stream
    • Obtaining the Current Stream Position
  • Flushing a Stream
  • Errors and End-of-File
  • Obtaining the Associated File Descriptor
  • Controlling the Buffering
  • Thread Safety
    • Manual File Locking
    • Unlocked Stream Operations
  • Critiques of Standard I/O
  • Conclusion
• 4. Advanced File I/O
  • Scatter/Gather I/O
    • readv() and writev()
      • Return values
      • writev() example
      • readv() example
      • Implementation
  • Event Poll
    • Creating a New Epoll Instance
    • Controlling Epoll
    • Waiting for Events with Epoll
    • Edge- Versus Level-Triggered Events
  • Mapping Files into Memory
    • mmap()
      • The page size
      • Return values and error codes
      • Associated signals
    • munmap()
    • Mapping Example
    • Advantages of mmap()
    • Disadvantages of mmap()
    • Resizing a Mapping
      • Return values and error codes
    • Changing the Protection of a Mapping
      • Return values and error codes
    • Synchronizing a File with a Mapping
      • Return values and error codes
    • Giving Advice on a Mapping
      • Return values and error codes
  • Advice for Normal File I/O
    • The posix_fadvise() System Call
      • Return values and error codes
    • The readahead() System Call
      • Return values and error codes
    • Advice Is Cheap
  • Synchronized, Synchronous, and Asynchronous Operations
    • Asynchronous I/O
  • I/O Schedulers and I/O Performance
    • Disk Addressing
    • The Life of an I/O Scheduler
    • Helping Out Reads
      • The Deadline I/O Scheduler
      • The Anticipatory I/O Scheduler
      • The CFQ I/O Scheduler
      • The Noop I/O Scheduler
    • Selecting and Configuring Your I/O Scheduler
    • Optimzing I/O Performance
      • Scheduling I/O in user space
      • Sorting by path
      • Sorting by inode
      • Sorting by physical block
  • Conclusion
• 5. Process Management
  • Programs, Processes, and Threads
  • The Process ID
    • Process ID Allocation
    • The Process Hierarchy
    • pid_t
    • Obtaining the Process ID and Parent Process ID
  • Running a New Process
    • The Exec Family of Calls
      • The rest of the family
      • Error values
    • The fork() System Call
      • Copy-on-write
      • vfork()
  • Terminating a Process
    • Other Ways to Terminate
    • atexit()
    • on_exit()
    • SIGCHLD
  • Waiting for Terminated Child Processes
    • Waiting for a Specific Process
    • Even More Waiting Versatility
    • BSD Wants to Play: wait3() and wait4()
    • Launching and Waiting for a New Process
    • Zombies
  • Users and Groups
    • Real, Effective, and Saved User and Group IDs
    • Changing the Real or Saved User or Group ID
    • Changing the Effective User or Group ID
    • Changing the User and Group IDs, BSD Style
    • Changing the User and Group IDs, HP-UX Style
    • Preferred User/Group ID Manipulations
    • Support for Saved User IDs
    • Obtaining the User and Group IDs
  • Sessions and Process Groups
    • Session System Calls
    • Process Group System Calls
    • Obsolete Process Group Functions
  • Daemons
  • Conclusion
• 6. Advanced Process Management
  • Process Scheduling
    • Timeslices
    • I/O- Versus Processor-Bound Processes
    • Preemptive Scheduling
  • The Completely Fair Scheduler
  • Yielding the Processor
    • Legitimate Uses
  • Process Priorities
    • nice()
    • getpriority() and setpriority()
    • I/O Priorities
  • Processor Affinity
    • sched_getaffinity() and sched_setaffinity()
  • Real-Time Systems
    • Hard Versus Soft Real-Time Systems
    • Latency, Jitter, and Deadlines
    • Linuxs Real-Time Support
    • Linux Scheduling Policies and Priorities
      • The first in, first out policy
      • The round-robin policy
      • The normal policy
      • The batch scheduling policy
      • Setting the Linux scheduling policy
    • Setting Scheduling Parameters
      • Error codes
      • Determining the range of valid priorities
    • sched_rr_get_interval()
      • Error codes
    • Precautions with Real-Time Processes
    • Determinism
      • Prefaulting data and locking memory
      • CPU affinity and real-time processes
  • Resource Limits
    • The Limits
      • Default limits
    • Setting and Retrieving Limits
      • Error codes
• 7. Threading
  • Binaries, Processes, and Threads
  • Multithreading
    • Costs of Multithreading
    • Alternatives to Multithreading
  • Threading Models
    • User-Level Threading
    • Hybrid Threading
    • Coroutines and Fibers
  • Threading Patterns
    • Thread-per-Connection
    • Event-Driven Threading
  • Concurrency, Parallelism, and Races
    • Race Conditions
      • Real-world races
  • Synchronization
    • Mutexes
    • Deadlocks
      • Deadlock avoidance
  • Pthreads
    • Linux Threading Implementations
    • The Pthread API
    • Linking Pthreads
    • Creating Threads
    • Thread IDs
      • Comparing thread IDs
    • Terminating Threads
      • Terminating yourself
      • Terminating others
    • Joining and Detaching Threads
      • Joining threads
      • Detaching threads
    • A Threading Example
    • Pthread Mutexes
      • Initializing mutexes
      • Locking mutexes
      • Unlocking mutexes
      • Mutex example
  • Further Study
• 8. File and Directory Management
  • Files and Their Metadata
    • The Stat Family
    • Permissions
    • Ownership
    • Extended Attributes
      • Keys and values
      • Extended attribute namespaces
    • Extended Attribute Operations
      • Retrieving an extended attribute
      • Setting an extended attribute
      • Listing the extended attributes on a file
      • Removing an extended attribute
  • Directories
    • The Current Working Directory
      • Obtaining the current working directory
      • Changing the current working directory
    • Creating Directories
    • Removing Directories
    • Reading a Directorys Contents
      • Reading from a directory stream
      • Closing the directory stream
      • System calls for reading directory contents
  • Links
    • Hard Links
    • Symbolic Links
    • Unlinking
  • Copying and Moving Files
    • Copying
    • Moving
  • Device Nodes
    • Special Device Nodes
    • The Random Number Generator
  • Out-of-Band Communication
  • Monitoring File Events
    • Initializing inotify
    • Watches
      • Adding a new watch
      • Watch masks
    • inotify Events
      • Reading inotify events
      • Advanced inotify events
      • Linking together move events
    • Advanced Watch Options
    • Removing an inotify Watch
    • Obtaining the Size of the Event Queue
    • Destroying an inotify Instance
• 9. Memory Management
  • The Process Address Space
    • Pages and Paging
      • Sharing and copy-on-write
    • Memory Regions
  • Allocating Dynamic Memory
    • Allocating Arrays
    • Resizing Allocations
    • Freeing Dynamic Memory
    • Alignment
      • Allocating aligned memory
      • Other alignment concerns
  • Managing the Data Segment
  • Anonymous Memory Mappings
    • Creating Anonymous Memory Mappings
    • Mapping /dev/zero
  • Advanced Memory Allocation
    • Fine-Tuning with malloc_usable_size() and malloc_trim()
  • Debugging Memory Allocations
    • Obtaining Statistics
  • Stack-Based Allocations
    • Duplicating Strings on the Stack
    • Variable-Length Arrays
  • Choosing a Memory Allocation Mechanism
  • Manipulating Memory
    • Setting Bytes
    • Comparing Bytes
    • Moving Bytes
    • Searching Bytes
    • Frobnicating Bytes
  • Locking Memory
    • Locking Part of an Address Space
    • Locking All of an Address Space
    • Unlocking Memory
    • Locking Limits
    • Is a Page in Physical Memory?
  • Opportunistic Allocation
    • Overcommitting and OOM
• 10. Signals
  • Signal Concepts
    • Signal Identifiers
    • Signals Supported by Linux
  • Basic Signal Management
    • Waiting for a Signal, Any Signal
    • Examples
    • Execution and Inheritance
    • Mapping Signal Numbers to Strings
  • Sending a Signal
    • Permissions
    • Examples
    • Sending a Signal to Yourself
    • Sending a Signal to an Entire Process Group
  • Reentrancy
    • Guaranteed-Reentrant Functions
  • Signal Sets
    • More Signal Set Functions
  • Blocking Signals
    • Retrieving Pending Signals
    • Waiting for a Set of Signals
  • Advanced Signal Management
    • The siginfo_t Structure
    • The Wonderful World of si_code
  • Sending a Signal with a Payload
    • Signal Payload Example
  • A Flaw in Unix?
• 11. Time
  • Times Data Structures
    • The Original Representation
    • And Now, Microsecond Precision
    • Even Better: Nanosecond Precision
    • Breaking Down Time
    • A Type for Process Time
  • POSIX Clocks
    • Time Source Resolution
  • Getting the Current Time of Day
    • A Better Interface
    • An Advanced Interface
    • Getting the Process Time
  • Setting the Current Time of Day
    • Setting Time with Precision
    • An Advanced Interface for Setting the Time
  • Playing with Time
  • Tuning the System Clock
  • Sleeping and Waiting
    • Sleeping with Microsecond Precision
    • Sleeping with Nanosecond Resolution
    • An Advanced Approach to Sleep
    • A Portable Way to Sleep
    • Overruns
    • Alternatives to Sleeping
  • Timers
    • Simple Alarms
    • Interval Timers
    • Advanced Timers
      • Creating a timer
      • Arming a timer
      • Obtaining the expiration of a timer
      • Obtaining the overrun of a timer
      • Deleting a timer
• A. GCC Extensions to the C Language
  • GNU C
  • Inline Functions
  • Suppressing Inlining
  • Pure Functions
  • Constant Functions
  • Functions That Do Not Return
  • Functions That Allocate Memory
  • Forcing Callers to Check the Return Value
  • Marking Functions as Deprecated
  • Marking Functions as Used
  • Marking Functions or Parameters as Unused
  • Packing a Structure
  • Increasing the Alignment of a Variable
  • Placing Global Variables in a Register
  • Branch Annotation
  • Getting the Type of an Expression
  • Getting the Alignment of a Type
  • The Offset of a Member Within a Structure
  • Obtaining the Return Address of a Function
  • Case Ranges
  • Void and Function Pointer Arithmetic
  • More Portable and More Beautiful in One Fell Swoop
• B. Bibliography
  • Books on the C Programming Language
  • Books on Linux Programming
  • Books on the Linux Kernel
  • Books on Operating System Design
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright

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