Erlang Programming Francesco Cesarini, Simon Thompson

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• Erlang Programming
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  • Foreword
  • Preface
    • Francesco: Why Erlang?
    • Simon: Why Erlang?
    • Who Should Read This Book?
    • How to Read This Book
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • Safari Books Online
    • How to Contact Us
    • Acknowledgments
  • 1. Introduction
    • Why Should I Use Erlang?
    • The History of Erlang
    • Erlangs Characteristics
      • High-Level Constructs
      • Concurrent Processes and Message Passing
      • Scalable, Safe, and Efficient Concurrency
      • Soft Real-Time Properties
      • Robustness
      • Distributed Computation
      • Integration and Openness
    • Erlang and Multicore
    • Case Studies
      • The AXD301 ATM Switch
      • CouchDB
      • Comparing Erlang to C++
    • How Should I Use Erlang?
  • 2. Basic Erlang
    • Integers
    • The Erlang Shell
    • Floats
      • Mathematical Operators
    • Atoms
    • Booleans
    • Tuples
    • Lists
      • Characters and Strings
      • Atoms and Strings
      • Building and Processing Lists
      • List Functions and Operations
    • Term Comparison
    • Variables
    • Complex Data Structures
    • Pattern Matching
    • Functions
    • Modules
      • Compilation and the Erlang Virtual Machine
      • Module Directives
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 2-1: The Shell
        • A. Erlang expressions
        • B. Assigning through pattern matching
        • C. Recursive list definitions
        • D. Flow of execution through pattern matching
        • E. Extracting values in composite data types through pattern matching
      • Exercise 2-2: Modules and Functions
      • Exercise 2-3: Simple Pattern Matching
  • 3. Sequential Erlang
    • Conditional Evaluations
      • The case Construct
      • Variable Scope
      • The if Construct
    • Guards
    • Built-in Functions
      • Object Access and Examination
      • Type Conversion
      • Process Dictionary
      • Meta Programming
      • Process, Port, Distribution, and System Information
      • Input and Output
    • Recursion
      • Tail-Recursive Functions
      • Tail-Call Recursion Optimization
        • Two accumulators example
      • Iterations Versus Recursive Functions
    • Runtime Errors
    • Handling Errors
      • Using try ... catch
      • Using catch
    • Library Modules
      • Documentation
      • Useful Modules
    • The Debugger
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 3-1: Evaluating Expressions
      • Exercise 3-2: Creating Lists
      • Exercise 3-3: Side Effects
      • Exercise 3-4: Database Handling Using Lists
      • Exercise 3-5: Manipulating Lists
      • Exercise 3-6: Sorting Lists
      • Exercise 3-7: Using Library Modules
      • Exercise 3-8: Evaluating and Compiling Expressions
      • Exercise 3-9: Indexing
      • Exercise 3-10: Text Processing
  • 4. Concurrent Programming
    • Creating Processes
    • Message Passing
    • Receiving Messages
      • Selective and Nonselective Receives
      • An Echo Example
    • Registered Processes
    • Timeouts
    • Benchmarking
    • Process Skeletons
    • Tail Recursion and Memory Leaks
    • A Case Study on Concurrency-Oriented Programming
    • Race Conditions, Deadlocks, and Process Starvation
    • The Process Manager
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 4-1: An Echo Server
      • Exercise 4-2: The Process Ring
  • 5. Process Design Patterns
    • Client/Server Models
      • A Client/Server Example
    • A Process Pattern Example
    • Finite State Machines
      • An FSM Example
      • A Mutex Semaphore
    • Event Managers and Handlers
      • A Generic Event Manager Example
      • Event Handlers
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 5-1: A Database Server
      • Exercise 5-2: Changing the Frequency Server
      • Exercise 5-3: Swapping Handlers
      • Exercise 5-4: Event Statistics
      • Exercise 5-5: Phone FSM
  • 6. Process Error Handling
    • Process Links and Exit Signals
      • Trapping Exits
      • The monitor BIFs
      • The exit BIFs
      • BIFs and Terminology
      • Propagation Semantics
    • Robust Systems
      • Monitoring Clients
      • A Supervisor Example
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 6-1: The Linked Ping Pong Server
      • Exercise 6-2: A Reliable Mutex Semaphore
      • Exercise 6-3: A Supervisor Process
  • 7. Records and Macros
    • Records
      • Introducing Records
      • Working with Records
      • Functions and Pattern Matching over Records
      • Records in the Shell
      • Record Implementation
      • Record BIFs
    • Macros
      • Simple Macros
      • Parameterized Macros
      • Debugging and Macros
      • Include Files
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 7-1: Extending Records
      • Exercise 7-2: Record Guards
      • Exercise 7-3: The db.erl Exercise Revisited
      • Exercise 7-4: Records and Shapes
      • Exercise 7-5: Binary Tree Records
      • Exercise 7-6: Parameterized Macros
      • Exercise 7-7: Counting Calls
      • Exercise 7-8: Enumerated Types
      • Exercise 7-9: Debugging the db.erl Exercise
  • 8. Software Upgrade
    • Upgrading Modules
    • Behind the Scenes
      • Loading Code
      • The Code Server
        • Loading modules
        • Manipulating the code search path
      • Purging Modules
    • Upgrading Processes
    • The .erlang File
    • Exercise
      • Exercise 8-1: Software Upgrade During Runtime
  • 9. More Data Types and High-Level Constructs
    • Functional Programming for Real
    • Funs and Higher-Order Functions
      • Functions As Arguments
      • Writing Down Functions: fun Expressions
      • Functions As Results
      • Using Already Defined Functions
      • Functions and Variables
      • Predefined, Higher-Order Functions
      • Lazy Evaluation and Lists
    • List Comprehensions
      • A First Example
      • General List Comprehensions
      • Multiple Generators
      • Standard Functions
    • Binaries and Serialization
      • Binaries
      • The Bit Syntax
        • Sizes
        • Types
      • Pattern-Matching Bits
      • Bitstring Comprehensions
      • Bit Syntax Example: Decoding TCP Segments
      • Bitwise Operators
      • Serialization
    • References
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 9-1: Higher-Order Functions
      • Exercise 9-2: List Comprehensions
      • Exercise 9-3: Zip Functions
      • Exercise 9-4: Existing Higher-Order Functions
      • Exercise 9-5: Length Specifications in List Comprehensions
      • Exercise 9-6: Bitstrings
  • 10. ETS and Dets Tables
    • ETS Tables
      • Implementations and Trade-offs
      • Creating Tables
      • Handling Table Elements
      • Example: Building an Index, Act I
      • Traversing Tables
      • Example: Building an Index, Act II
      • Extracting Table Information: match
      • Extracting Table Information: select
      • Other Operations on Tables
      • Records and ETS Tables
      • Visualizing Tables
    • Dets Tables
    • A Mobile Subscriber Database Example
      • The Database Backend Operations
      • The Database Server
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 10-1: Pretty-Printing
      • Exercise 10-2: Indexing Revisited
      • Exercise 10-3: ETS Tables for System Logging
  • 11. Distributed Programming in Erlang
    • Distributed Systems in Erlang
    • Distributed Computing in Erlang: The Basics
      • Node Names and Visibility
      • Communication and Security
        • Distributing the Erlang code: A warning
      • Communication and Messages
      • Node Connections
        • Hidden nodes
      • Remote Procedure Calls
      • The rpc Module
      • Essential Distributed Programming Modules
    • The epmd Process
      • Distributed Erlang Behind Firewalls
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 11-1: Distributed Associative Store
      • Exercise 11-2: System Monitoring
  • 12. OTP Behaviors
    • Introduction to OTP Behaviors
    • Generic Servers
      • Starting Your Server
      • Passing Messages
      • Stopping the Server
      • The Example in Full
      • Running gen_server
    • Supervisors
      • Supervisor Specifications
      • Child Specifications
      • Supervisor Example
      • Dynamic Children
    • Applications
      • Directory Structure
      • The Application Resource File
      • Starting and Stopping Applications
      • The Application Monitor
    • Release Handling
    • Other Behaviors and Further Reading
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 12-1: Database Server Revisited
      • Exercise 12-2: Supervising the Database Server
      • Exercise 12-3: The Database Server As an Application
  • 13. Introducing Mnesia
    • When to Use Mnesia
    • Configuring Mnesia
      • Setting Up the Schema
      • Starting Mnesia
      • Mnesia Tables
    • Transactions
      • Writing
      • Reading and Deleting
      • Indexing
      • Dirty Operations
    • Partitioned Networks
    • Further Reading
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 13-1: Setting Up Mnesia
      • Exercise 13-2: Transactions
      • Exercise 13-3: Dirty Mnesia Operations
  • 14. GUI Programming with wxErlang
    • wxWidgets
    • wxErlang: An Erlang Binding for wxWidgets
      • Objects and Types
      • Event Handling, Object Identifiers, and Event Types
      • Putting It All Together
    • A First Example: MicroBlog
    • The MiniBlog Example
    • Obtaining and Running wxErlang
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 14-1: Selecting the Blog File
      • Exercise 14-2: Saving Blog Items Separately
      • Exercise 14-3: Multiple Blogs in Separate Tabs
      • Exercise 14-4: Extending the EntriesRich Text
      • Exercise 14-5: Tagging Entries
      • Exercise 14-6: Multiple Users and Comments
      • Exercise 14-7: Layout and wxErlang Sizers
  • 15. Socket Programming
    • User Datagram Protocol
    • Transmission Control Protocol
      • A TCP Example
    • The inet Module
    • Further Reading
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 15-1: Snooping an HTTP Request
      • Exercise 15-2: A Simple HTTP Proxy
      • Exercise 15-3: Peer to Peer
  • 16. Interfacing Erlang with Other Programming Languages
    • An Overview of Interworking
    • Interworking with Java
      • Nodes and Mailboxes
      • Representing Erlang Types
      • Communication
      • Putting It Together: RPC Revisited
      • Interaction
      • The Small Print
      • Taking It Further
    • C Nodes
      • Going Further
    • Erlang from the Unix Shell: erl_call
    • Port Programs
      • Erlang Port Commands
      • Communicating Data to and from a Port
    • Library Support for Communication
      • Working in Ruby: erlectricity
        • An example using erlectricity
    • Linked-in Drivers and the FFI
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 16-1: C Factorial via a Port
      • Exercise 16-2: Factorial Server in Another Language
  • 17. Trace BIFs, the dbg Tracer, and Match Specifications
    • Introduction
    • The Trace BIFs
      • Process Trace Flags
      • Inheritance Flags
      • Garbage Collection and Timestamps
    • Tracing Calls with the trace_pattern BIF
    • The dbg Tracer
      • Getting Started with dbg
      • Tracing and Profiling Functions
      • Tracing Local and Global Function Calls
      • Distributed Environments
      • Redirecting the Output
        • Redirecting to sockets and binary files
    • Match Specifications: The fun Syntax
      • Generating Specifications Using fun2ms
        • Odds and ends with fun2ms
      • Difference Between ets and dbg Match Specifications
    • Match Specifications: The Nuts and Bolts
      • The Head
      • Conditions
      • The Specification Body
      • Saving Match Specifications
    • Further Reading
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 17-1: Measuring Garbage Collection Times
      • Exercise 17-2: Garbage Collection Using dbg
      • Exercise 17-3: Tracing ETS Table Entries
      • Exercise 17-4: Who Is the Culprit?
  • 18. Types and Documentation
    • Types in Erlang
      • An Example: Records with Typed Fields
      • Erlang Type Notation
    • TypEr: Success Types and Type Inference
      • Dialyzer: A DIscrepancy AnaLYZer for ERlang Programs
    • Documentation with EDoc
      • Documenting usr_db.erl
        • Module tags
        • Function tags
        • Generic tags
      • Running EDoc
        • Module pages
        • Overview page
      • Types in EDoc
      • Going Further with EDoc
    • Exercises
  • 19. EUnit and Test-Driven Development
    • Test-Driven Development
    • EUnit
      • How to Use EUnit
      • Functional Testing, an Example: Tree Serialization
    • The EUnit Infrastructure
      • Assert Macros
      • Test-Generating Functions
      • EUnit Test Representation
    • Testing State-Based Systems
      • Fixtures: Setup and Cleanup
    • Testing Concurrent Programs in Erlang
    • Exercises
      • Exercise 19-1: Testing Sequential Functions
      • Exercise 19-2: Testing Concurrent Systems
      • Exercise 19-3: Software Upgrade
      • Exercise 19-4: Testing OTP Behaviors
      • Exercise 19-5: Devising Tests for OTP Behaviors
  • 20. Style and Efficiency
    • Applications and Modules
      • Libraries
      • Dirty Code
      • Interfaces
      • Return Values
      • Internal Data Structures
    • Processes and Concurrency
    • Stylistic Conventions
    • Coding Strategies
    • Efficiency
      • Sequential Programming
      • Lists
      • Tail Recursion and Non-tail Recursion
      • Concurrency
    • And Finally...
  • A. Using Erlang
    • Getting Started with Erlang
      • Installing the System
      • Running the Erlang Shell
    • Tools for Erlang
      • Editors
      • Other Tools
    • Where to Learn More
  • Index
  • About the Authors
  • Colophon
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