Beautiful Code. Leading Programmers Explain How They Think

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• Beautiful Code
  • SPECIAL OFFER: Upgrade this ebook with OReilly
  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Foreword
  • Preface
    • How This Book Is Organized
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • How to Contact Us
    • Safari Enabled
  • 1. A Regular Expression Matcher
    • 1.1. The Practice of Programming
    • 1.2. Implementation
    • 1.3. Discussion
    • 1.4. Alternatives
    • 1.5. Building on It
    • 1.6. Conclusion
  • 2. Subversions Delta Editor: Interface As Ontology
    • 2.1. Version Control and Tree Transformation
    • 2.2. Expressing Tree Differences
    • 2.3. The Delta Editor Interface
    • 2.4. But Is It Art?
    • 2.5. Abstraction As a Spectator Sport
    • 2.6. Conclusions
  • 3. The Most Beautiful Code I Never Wrote
    • 3.1. The Most Beautiful Code I Ever Wrote
    • 3.2. More and More with Less and Less
    • 3.3. Perspective
      • 3.3.1. A Bonus Analysis
    • 3.4. What Is Writing?
    • 3.5. Conclusion
    • 3.6. Acknowledgments
  • 4. Finding Things
    • 4.1. On Time
    • 4.2. Problem: Weblog Data
      • 4.2.1. Regular Expressions
      • 4.2.2. Putting Regular Expressions to Work
      • 4.2.3. Content-Addressable Storage
      • 4.2.4. Time to Optimize?
    • 4.3. Problem: Who Fetched What, When?
      • 4.3.1. Binary Search
      • 4.3.2. Binary Search Trade-offs
      • 4.3.3. Escaping the Loop
    • 4.4. Search in the Large
      • 4.4.1. Searching with Postings
      • 4.4.2. Ranking Results
      • 4.4.3. Searching the Web
    • 4.5. Conclusion
  • 5. Correct, Beautiful, Fast (in That Order): Lessons from Designing XML Verifiers
    • 5.1. The Role of XML Validation
    • 5.2. The Problem
    • 5.3. Version 1: The Nave Implementation
    • 5.4. Version 2: Imitating the BNF Grammar O(N)
    • 5.5. Version 3: First Optimization O(log N)
    • 5.6. Version 4: Second Optimization: Don't Check Twice
    • 5.7. Version 5: Third Optimization O(1)
    • 5.8. Version 6: Fourth Optimization: Caching
    • 5.9. The Moral of the Story
  • 6. Framework for Integrated Test: Beauty Through Fragility
    • 6.1. An Acceptance Testing Framework in Three Classes
    • 6.2. The Challenge of Framework Design
    • 6.3. An Open Framework
    • 6.4. How Simple Can an HTML Parser Be?
    • 6.5. Conclusion
  • 7. Beautiful Tests
    • 7.1. That Pesky Binary Search
    • 7.2. Introducing JUnit
    • 7.3. Nailing Binary Search
      • 7.3.1. Smoking Allowed (and Encouraged)
      • 7.3.2. Pushing the Boundaries
      • 7.3.3. Random Acts of Testing
      • 7.3.4. Performance Anxiety
    • 7.4. Conclusion
  • 8. On-the-Fly Code Generation for Image Processing
  • 9. Top Down Operator Precedence
    • 9.1. JavaScript
    • 9.2. Symbol Table
    • 9.3. Tokens
    • 9.4. Precedence
    • 9.5. Expressions
    • 9.6. Infix Operators
    • 9.7. Prefix Operators
    • 9.8. Assignment Operators
    • 9.9. Constants
    • 9.10. Scope
    • 9.11. Statements
    • 9.12. Functions
    • 9.13. Array and Object Literals
    • 9.14. Things to Do and Think About
  • 10. The Quest for an Accelerated Population Count
    • 10.1. Basic Methods
    • 10.2. Divide and Conquer
    • 10.3. Other Methods
    • 10.4. Sum and Difference of Population Counts of Two Words
    • 10.5. Comparing the Population Counts of Two Words
    • 10.6. Counting the 1-Bits in an Array
    • 10.7. Applications
  • 11. Secure Communication: The Technology Of Freedom
    • 11.1. The Heart of the Start
    • 11.2. Untangling the Complexity of Secure Messaging
    • 11.3. Usability Is the Key
    • 11.4. The Foundation
      • 11.4.1. Design Goals and Decisions
      • 11.4.2. Basic System Design
    • 11.5. The Test Suite
    • 11.6. The Functioning Prototype
    • 11.7. Clean Up, Plug In, Rock On
      • 11.7.1. Revamping the Mail Store
      • 11.7.2. Persistence of Decryption
    • 11.8. Hacking in the Himalayas
      • 11.8.1. Securing the Code
      • 11.8.2. Auditing Crypt::GPG
    • 11.9. The Invisible Hand Moves
    • 11.10. Speed Does Matter
    • 11.11. Communications Privacy for Individual Rights
    • 11.12. Hacking the Civilization
  • 12. Growing Beautiful Code in BioPerl
    • 12.1. BioPerl and the Bio::Graphics Module
      • 12.1.1. Example of Bio::Graphics Output
      • 12.1.2. Bio::Graphics Requirements
    • 12.2. The Bio::Graphics Design Process
      • 12.2.1. Designing How the Developer Interacts with the Module
      • 12.2.2. Setting Options
      • 12.2.3. Choosing Object Classes
      • 12.2.4. Option Processing
      • 12.2.5. Code Example
      • 12.2.6. Dynamic Options
    • 12.3. Extending Bio::Graphics
      • 12.3.1. Supporting Web Developers
      • 12.3.2. Supporting Publication-Quality Images
      • 12.3.3. Adding New Glyphs
    • 12.4. Conclusions and Lessons Learned
  • 13. The Design of the Gene Sorte
    • 13.1. The User Interface of the Gene Sorter
    • 13.2. Maintaining a Dialog with the User over the Web
    • 13.3. A Little Polymorphism Can Go a Long Way
    • 13.4. Filtering Down to Just the Relevant Genes
    • 13.5. Theory of Beautiful Code in the Large
    • 13.6. Conclusion
  • 14. How Elegant Code Evolves with Hardware The Case of Gaussian Elimination
    • 14.1. The Effects of Computer Architectures on Matrix Algorithms
    • 14.2. A Decompositional Approach
    • 14.3. A Simple Version
    • 14.4. LINPACK's DGEFA Subroutine
    • 14.5. LAPACK DGETRF
    • 14.6. Recursive LU
    • 14.7. ScaLAPACK PDGETRF
    • 14.8. Multithreading for Multi-Core Systems
    • 14.9. A Word About the Error Analysis and Operation Count
    • 14.10. Future Directions for Research
    • 14.11. Further Reading
  • 15. The Long-Term Benefits of Beautiful Design
    • 15.1. My Idea of Beautiful Code
    • 15.2. Introducing the CERN Library
    • 15.3. Outer Beauty
    • 15.4. Inner Beauty
      • 15.4.1. Beauty in Brevity and Simplicity
      • 15.4.2. Beauty in Frugality
      • 15.4.3. Beauty in Flow
    • 15.5. Conclusion
  • 16. The Linux Kernel Driver Model: The Benefits of Working Together
    • 16.1. Humble Beginnings
    • 16.2. Reduced to Even Smaller Bits
    • 16.3. Scaling Up to Thousands of Devices
    • 16.4. Small Objects Loosely Joined
  • 17. Another Level of Indirection
    • 17.1. From Code to Pointers
    • 17.2. From Function Arguments to Argument Pointers
    • 17.3. From Filesystems to Filesystem Layers
    • 17.4. From Code to a Domain-Specific Language
    • 17.5. Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
    • 17.6. Layers Forever?
  • 18. Python's Dictionary Implementation: Being All Things to All People
    • 18.1. Inside the Dictionary
    • 18.2. Special Accommodations
      • 18.2.1. A Special-Case Optimization for Small Hashes
      • 18.2.2. When Special-Casing Is Worth the Overhead
        • 18.2.2.1. The Java implementation: another special-case optimization
        • 18.2.2.2. The C implementation: selecting the storage function dynamically
    • 18.3. Collisions
    • 18.4. Resizing
      • 18.4.1. Determining the New Table Size
      • 18.4.2. A Memory Trade-Off That's Worth It: The Free List
    • 18.5. Iterations and Dynamic Changes
    • 18.6. Conclusion
    • 18.7. Acknowledgments
  • 19. Multidimensional Iterators in NumPy
    • 19.1. Key Challenges in N-Dimensional Array Operations
    • 19.2. Memory Models for an N-Dimensional Array
    • 19.3. NumPy Iterator Origins
    • 19.4. Iterator Design
      • 19.4.1. Iterator Progression
      • 19.4.2. Iterator Termination
      • 19.4.3. Iterator Setup
      • 19.4.4. Iterator Counter Tracking
      • 19.4.5. Iterator Structure
    • 19.5. Iterator Interface
    • 19.6. Iterator Use
      • 19.6.1. Iteration Over All But One Dimension
      • 19.6.2. Multiple Iterations
      • 19.6.3. Anecdotes
    • 19.7. Conclusion
  • 20. A Highly Reliable Enterprise System for NASA's Mars Rover Mission
    • 20.1. The Mission and the Collaborative Information Portal
    • 20.2. Mission Needs
    • 20.3. System Architecture
    • 20.4. Case Study: The Streamer Service
      • 20.4.1. Functionality
      • 20.4.2. Service Architecture
    • 20.5. Reliability
      • 20.5.1. Logging
      • 20.5.2. Monitoring
    • 20.6. Robustness
      • 20.6.1. Dynamic Reconfiguration
      • 20.6.2. Hot Swapping
    • 20.7. Conclusion
  • 21. ERP5: Designing for Maximum Adaptability
    • 21.1. General Goals of ERP
    • 21.2. ERP5
    • 21.3. The Underlying Zope Platform
    • 21.4. ERP5 Project Concepts
    • 21.5. Coding the ERP5 Project
    • 21.6. Conclusion
      • 21.6.1. Acknowledgments
  • 22. A Spoonful of Sewage
  • 23. Distributed Programming with MapReduce
    • 23.1. A Motivating Example
    • 23.2. The MapReduce Programming Model
    • 23.3. Other MapReduce Examples
    • 23.4. A Distributed MapReduce Implementation
      • 23.4.1. Execution Overview
    • 23.5. Extensions to the Model
    • 23.6. Conclusion
    • 23.7. Further Reading
    • 23.8. Acknowledgments
    • 23.9. Appendix: Word Count Solution
  • 24. Beautiful Concurrency
    • 24.1. A Simple Example: Bank Accounts
      • 24.1.1. Bank Accounts Using Locks
      • 24.1.2. Locks Are Bad
    • 24.2. Software Transactional Memory
      • 24.2.1. Side Effects and Input/Output in Haskell
      • 24.2.2. Transactions in Haskell
      • 24.2.3. Implementing Transactional Memory
      • 24.2.4. Blocking and Choice
      • 24.2.5. Summary of Basic STM Operations
    • 24.3. The Santa Claus Problem
      • 24.3.1. Reindeer and Elves
      • 24.3.2. Gates and Groups
      • 24.3.3. The Main Program
      • 24.3.4. Implementing Santa
      • 24.3.5. Compiling and Running the Program
    • 24.4. Reflections on Haskell
    • 24.5. Conclusion
    • 24.6. Acknowledgments
  • 25. Syntactic Abstraction: The syntax-case Expander
    • 25.1. Brief Introduction to syntax-case
    • 25.2. Expansion Algorithm
      • 25.2.1. Representations
      • 25.2.2. Producing Expander Output
      • 25.2.3. Stripping Syntax Objects
      • 25.2.4. Syntax Errors
      • 25.2.5. Structural Predicates
      • 25.2.6. Creating Wraps
      • 25.2.7. Manipulating Environments
      • 25.2.8. Identifier Resolution
      • 25.2.9. The Expander
      • 25.2.10. Core Transformers
      • 25.2.11. Parsing and Constructing Syntax Objects
      • 25.2.12. Comparing Identifiers
      • 25.2.13. Conversions
      • 25.2.14. Starting Expansion
    • 25.3. Example
    • 25.4. Conclusion
  • 26. Labor-Saving Architecture: An Object-Oriented Framework for Networked Software
    • 26.1. Sample Application: Logging Service
    • 26.2. Object-Oriented Design of the Logging Server Framework
      • 26.2.1. Understanding the Commonalities
      • 26.2.2. Accommodating Variation
      • 26.2.3. Tying It All Together
    • 26.3. Implementing Sequential Logging Servers
      • 26.3.1. An Iterative Logging Server
      • 26.3.2. A Reactive Logging Server
      • 26.3.3. Evaluating the Sequential Logging Server Solutions
    • 26.4. Implementing Concurrent Logging Servers
      • 26.4.1. A Thread-per-Connection Logging Server
      • 26.4.2. A Process-per-Connection Logging Server
      • 26.4.3. Evaluating the Concurrent Logging Server Solutions
    • 26.5. Conclusion
  • 27. Integrating Business Partners the RESTful Way
    • 27.1. Project Background
    • 27.2. Exposing Services to External Clients
      • 27.2.1. Define the Service Interface
    • 27.3. Routing the Service Using the Factory Pattern
    • 27.4. Exchanging Data Using E-Business Protocols
      • 27.4.1. Parsing the XML Using XPath
      • 27.4.2. Assembling the XML Response
    • 27.5. Conclusion
  • 28. Beautiful Debugging
    • 28.1. Debugging a Debugger
    • 28.2. A Systematic Process
    • 28.3. A Search Problem
    • 28.4. Finding the Failure Cause Automatically
    • 28.5. Delta Debugging
    • 28.6. Minimizing Input
    • 28.7. Hunting the Defect
    • 28.8. A Prototype Problem
    • 28.9. Conclusion
    • 28.10. Acknowledgments
    • 28.11. Further Reading
  • 29. Treating Code As an Essay
  • 30. When a Button Is All That Connects You to the World
    • 30.1. Basic Design Model
    • 30.2. Input Interface
      • 30.2.1. The Tree
      • 30.2.2. The Long Click
      • 30.2.3. Dynamic Tree Repopulation
      • 30.2.4. Simple Typing
      • 30.2.5. Prediction: Word Completion and Next Word
      • 30.2.6. Templates and Replace
      • 30.2.7. The Cache Implementation
      • 30.2.8. Common Words and Favorites
      • 30.2.9. Retracing Paths
      • 30.2.10. The Typing Buffer, Editing, and Scrolling
      • 30.2.11. The Clipboard
      • 30.2.12. Searching
      • 30.2.13. Macros
    • 30.3. Efficiency of the User Interface
    • 30.4. Download
    • 30.5. Future Directions
  • 31. Emacspeak: The Complete Audio Desktop
    • 31.1. Producing Spoken Output
    • 31.2. Speech-Enabling Emacs
      • 31.2.1. A Simple First-Cut Implementation
      • 31.2.2. Iterating on the First-Cut Implementation
      • 31.2.3. A Brief advice Tutorial
      • 31.2.4. Generating Rich Auditory Output
        • 31.2.4.1. Audio formatting using voice-lock
        • 31.2.4.2. Augmenting Emacs to create aural display lists
        • 31.2.4.3. Audio-formatted output from aural display lists
      • 31.2.5. Using Aural CSS (ACSS) for Styling Speech Output
      • 31.2.6. Adding Auditory Icons
      • 31.2.7. Producing Auditory Icons While Speaking Content
      • 31.2.8. The Calendar: Enhancing Spoken Output with Context-Sensitive Semantics
    • 31.3. Painless Access to Online Information
      • 31.3.1. Basic HTML with Emacs W3 and Aural CSS
      • 31.3.2. The emacspeak-websearch Module for Task-Oriented Search
      • 31.3.3. The Web Command Line and URL Templates
      • 31.3.4. The Advent of Feed Readers
    • 31.4. Summary
      • 31.4.1. Managing Code Complexity Over Time
      • 31.4.2. Conclusion
    • 31.5. Acknowledgments
  • 32. Code in Motion
    • 32.1. On Being "Bookish"
    • 32.2. Alike Looking Alike
    • 32.3. The Perils of Indentation
    • 32.4. Navigating Code
    • 32.5. The Tools We Use
    • 32.6. DiffMerge's Checkered Past
    • 32.7. Conclusion
    • 32.8. Acknowledgments
    • 32.9. Further Reading
  • 33. Writing Programs for "The Book"
    • 33.1. The Nonroyal Road
    • 33.2. Warning to Parenthophobes
    • 33.3. Three in a Row
    • 33.4. The Slippery Slope
    • 33.5. The Triangle Inequality
    • 33.6. Meandering On
    • 33.7. "Duh!"I Mean "Aha!"
    • 33.8. Conclusion
    • 33.9. Further Reading
  • A. Afterword
  • B. Contributors
  • Colophon
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