Making Software. What Really Works, and Why We Believe It

Spis treści książki

• Making Software
• Preface
  • Organization of This Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Safari Books Online
  • Using Code Examples
  • How to Contact Us
• I. General Principles of Searching For and Using Evidence
  • 1. The Quest for Convincing Evidence
    • In the Beginning
    • The State of Evidence Today
      • Challenges to the Elegance of Studies
      • Challenges to Statistical Strength
      • Challenges to Replicability of Results
    • Change We Can Believe In
    • The Effect of Context
    • Looking Toward the Future
    • References
  • 2. Credibility, or Why Should I Insist on Being Convinced?
    • How Evidence Turns Up in Software Engineering
    • Credibility and Relevance
      • Fitness for Purpose, or Why What Convinces You Might Not Convince Me
      • Quantitative Versus Qualitative Evidence: A False Dichotomy
    • Aggregating Evidence
      • Limitations and Bias
    • Types of Evidence and Their Strengths and Weaknesses
      • Controlled Experiments and Quasi-Experiments
        • Credibility
        • Relevance
      • Surveys
        • Credibility
        • Relevance
      • Experience Reports and Case Studies
        • Credibility
        • Relevance
      • Other Methods
      • Indications of Credibility (or Lack Thereof) in Reporting
        • General characteristics
        • A clear research question
        • An informative description of the study setup
        • A meaningful and graspable data presentation
        • A transparent statistical analysis (if any)
        • An honest discussion of limitations
        • Conclusions that are solid yet relevant
    • Society, Culture, Software Engineering, and You
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 3. What We Can Learn from Systematic Reviews
    • An Overview of Systematic Reviews
    • The Strengths and Weaknesses of Systematic Reviews
      • The Systematic Review Process
        • Planning the review
        • Conducting the review
        • Reporting the review
      • Problems Associated with Conducting a Review
    • Systematic Reviews in Software Engineering
      • Cost Estimation Studies
        • The accuracy of cost estimation models
        • The accuracy of cost estimates in industry
      • Agile Methods
        • Dyb and Dingsyr
        • Hannay, Dyb, Arisholm, and Sjberg
      • Inspection Methods
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 4. Understanding Software Engineering Through Qualitative Methods
    • What Are Qualitative Methods?
    • Reading Qualitative Research
    • Using Qualitative Methods in Practice
    • Generalizing from Qualitative Results
    • Qualitative Methods Are Systematic
    • References
  • 5. Learning Through Application: The Maturing of the QIP in the SEL
    • What Makes Software Engineering Uniquely Hard to Research
    • A Realistic Approach to Empirical Research
    • The NASA Software Engineering Laboratory: A Vibrant Testbed for Empirical Research
    • The Quality Improvement Paradigm
      • Characterize
      • Set Goals
      • Select Process
      • Execute Process
      • Analyze
      • Package
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 6. Personality, Intelligence, and Expertise: Impacts on Software Development
    • How to Recognize Good Programmers
      • Individual Differences: Fixed or Malleable
      • Personality
      • Intelligence
      • The Task of Programming
      • Programming Performance
      • Expertise
      • Software Effort Estimation
    • Individual or Environment
      • Skill or Safety in Software Engineering
      • Collaboration
      • Personality Again
      • A Broader View of Intelligence
    • Concluding Remarks
    • References
  • 7. Why Is It So Hard to Learn to Program?
    • Do Students Have Difficulty Learning to Program?
      • The 2001 McCracken Working Group
      • The Lister Working Group
    • What Do People Understand Naturally About Programming?
    • Making the Tools Better by Shifting to Visual Programming
    • Contextualizing for Motivation
    • Conclusion: A Fledgling Field
    • References
  • 8. Beyond Lines of Code: Do We Need More Complexity Metrics?
    • Surveying Software
    • Measuring the Source Code
    • A Sample Measurement
      • Source Lines of Code (SLOC)
      • Lines of Code (LOC)
      • Number of C Functions
      • McCabes Cyclomatic Complexity
      • Halsteads Software Science Metrics
    • Statistical Analysis
      • Overall Analysis
      • Differences Between Header and Nonheader Files
      • The Confounding Effect: Influence of File Size in the Intensity of Correlation
        • Effects of size on correlations for header files
        • Effects of size on correlations for nonheader files
        • Effect on the Halsteads Software Science metrics
        • Summary of the confounding effect of file size
    • Some Comments on the Statistical Methodology
    • So Do We Need More Complexity Metrics?
    • References
      • Bibliography
• II. Specific Topics in Software Engineering
  • 9. An Automated Fault Prediction System
    • Fault Distribution
    • Characteristics of Faulty Files
    • Overview of the Prediction Model
    • Replication and Variations of the Prediction Model
      • The Role of Developers
      • Predicting Faults with Other Types of Models
    • Building a Tool
    • The Warning Label
    • References
  • 10. Architecting: How Much and When?
    • Does the Cost of Fixing Software Increase over the Project Life Cycle?
    • How Much Architecting Is Enough?
      • Cost-to-Fix Growth Evidence
    • Using What We Can Learn from Cost-to-Fix Data About the Value of Architecting
      • The Foundations of the COCOMO II Architecture and Risk Resolution (RESL) Factor
        • Economies and diseconomies of scale
        • Reducing software rework via architecture and risk resolution
        • A successful example: CCPDS-R
      • The Architecture and Risk Resolution Factor in Ada COCOMO and COCOMO II
        • How the Ada Process Model promoted risk-driven concurrent engineering software processes
        • Architecture and risk resolution (RESL) factor in COCOMO II
        • Improvement shown by incorporating architecture and risk resolution
      • ROI for Software Systems Engineering Improvement Investments
    • So How Much Architecting Is Enough?
    • Does the Architecting Need to Be Done Up Front?
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 11. Conways Corollary
    • Conways Law
    • Coordination, Congruence, and Productivity
      • Implications
    • Organizational Complexity Within Microsoft
      • Implications
    • Chapels in the Bazaar of Open Source Software
    • Conclusions
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 12. How Effective Is Test-Driven Development?
    • The TDD PillWhat Is It?
    • Summary of Clinical TDD Trials
    • The Effectiveness of TDD
      • Internal Quality
      • External Quality
      • Productivity
      • Test Quality
    • Enforcing Correct TDD Dosage in Trials
    • Cautions and Side Effects
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • General References
    • Clinical TDD Trial References
      • Bibliography
  • 13. Why Arent More Women in Computer Science?
    • Why So Few Women?
      • Ability Deficits, Preferences, and Cultural Biases
        • Evidence for deficits in female mathematical-spatial abilities
        • The role of preferences and lifestyle choices
      • Biases, Stereotypes, and the Role of Male Computer-Science Culture
    • Should We Care?
      • What Can Society Do to Reverse the Trend?
      • Implications of Cross-National Data
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 14. Two Comparisons of Programming Languages
    • A Language Shoot-Out over a Peculiar Search Algorithm
      • The Programming Task: Phonecode
      • Comparing Execution Speed
      • Comparing Memory Consumption
      • Comparing Productivity and Program Length
      • Comparing Reliability
      • Comparing Program Structure
      • Should I Believe This?
    • Plat_Forms: Web Development Technologies and Cultures
      • The Development Task: People-by-Temperament
      • Lay Your Bets
      • Comparing Productivity
      • Comparing Artifact Size
      • Comparing Modifiability
      • Comparing Robustness and Security
      • Hey, What About <Insert-Your-Favorite-Topic>?
    • So What?
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 15. Quality Wars: Open Source Versus Proprietary Software
    • Past Skirmishes
    • The Battlefield
    • Into the Battle
      • File Organization
      • Code Structure
      • Code Style
      • Preprocessing
      • Data Organization
    • Outcome and Aftermath
    • Acknowledgments and Disclosure of Interest
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 16. Code Talkers
    • A Day in the Life of a Programmer
      • Diary Study
      • Observational Study
      • Were the Programmers on Their Best Behavior?
    • What Is All This Talk About?
      • Getting Answers to Questions
      • The Search for Rationale
      • Interruptions and Multitasking
      • What Questions Do Programmers Ask?
      • Are Agile Methods Better for Communication?
    • A Model for Thinking About Communication
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 17. Pair Programming
    • A History of Pair Programming
    • Pair Programming in an Industrial Setting
      • Industry Practices in Pair Programming
      • Results of Using Pair Programming in Industry
    • Pair Programming in an Educational Setting
      • Practices Specific to Education
      • Results of Using Pair Programming in Education
    • Distributed Pair Programming
    • Challenges
    • Lessons Learned
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 18. Modern Code Review
    • Common Sense
    • A Developer Does a Little Code Review
      • Focus Fatigue
      • Speed Kills
      • Size Kills
      • The Importance of Context
    • Group Dynamics
      • Are Meetings Required?
      • False-Positives
      • Are External Reviewers Required At All?
    • Conclusion
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 19. A Communal Workshop or Doors That Close?
    • Doors That Close
    • A Communal Workshop
    • Work Patterns
    • One More Thing
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 20. Identifying and Managing Dependencies in Global Software Development
    • Why Is Coordination a Challenge in GSD?
    • Dependencies and Their Socio-Technical Duality
      • The Technical Dimension
        • Syntactic dependencies and their impact on productivity and quality
        • Logical dependencies and their impact on productivity and quality
      • The Socio-Organizational Dimension
        • Different types of work dependencies and their impacts on productivity and quality
      • The Socio-Technical Dimension
    • From Research to Practice
      • Leveraging the Data in Software Repositories
      • The Role of Team Leads and Managers in Supporting the Management of Dependencies
      • Developers, Work Items, and Distributed Development
    • Future Directions
      • Software Architectures Suitable for Global Software Development
      • Collaborative Software Engineering Tools
      • Balancing Standarization and Flexibility
    • References
  • 21. How Effective Is Modularization?
    • The Systems
    • What Is a Change?
    • What Is a Module?
    • The Results
      • Change Locality
      • Examined Modules
      • Emergent Modularity
    • Threats to Validity
    • Summary
    • References
  • 22. The Evidence for Design Patterns
    • Design Pattern Examples
    • Why Might Design Patterns Work?
    • The First Experiment: Testing Pattern Documentation
      • Design of the Experiment
      • Results
    • The Second Experiment: Comparing Pattern Solutions to Simpler Ones
    • The Third Experiment: Patterns in Team Communication
    • Lessons Learned
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 23. Evidence-Based Failure Prediction
    • Introduction
    • Code Coverage
    • Code Churn
    • Code Complexity
    • Code Dependencies
    • People and Organizational Measures
    • Integrated Approach for Prediction of Failures
    • Summary
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 24. The Art of Collecting Bug Reports
    • Good and Bad Bug Reports
    • What Makes a Good Bug Report?
    • Survey Results
      • Contents of Bug Reports (Developers)
      • Contents of Bug Reports (Reporters)
    • Evidence for an Information Mismatch
    • Problems with Bug Reports
    • The Value of Duplicate Bug Reports
    • Not All Bug Reports Get Fixed
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
      • Bibliography
  • 25. Where Do Most Software Flaws Come From?
    • Studying Software Flaws
    • Context of the Study
    • Phase 1: Overall Survey
      • Summary of Questionnaire
      • Summary of the Data
      • Summary of the Phase 1 Study
    • Phase 2: Design/Code Fault Survey
      • The Questionnaire
      • Statistical Analysis
        • Finding and fixing faults
        • Faults
        • Fault Frequency Adjusted by Effort
        • Underlying causes
        • Means of prevention
        • Underlying causes and means of prevention
      • Interface Faults Versus Implementation Faults
    • What Should You Believe About These Results?
      • Are We Measuring the Right Things?
      • Did We Do It Right?
      • What Can You Do with the Results?
    • What Have We Learned?
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 26. Novice Professionals: Recent Graduates in a First Software Engineering Job
    • Study Methodology
      • Subjects
      • Task Analysis
      • Task Sample
      • Reflection Methodology
      • Threats to Validity
    • Software Development Task
      • Task Breakdown
        • Communication
        • Documentation
        • Working on bugs
        • Programming
        • Project management and tools
        • Design specifications and testing
    • Strengths and Weaknesses of Novice Software Developers
      • Strengths
      • Weaknesses
    • Reflections
      • Managing Getting Engaged
      • Persistence, Uncertainty, and Noviceness
      • Large-Scale Software Team Setting
    • Misconceptions That Hinder Learning
    • Reflecting on Pedagogy
      • Pair Programming
      • Legitimate Peripheral Participation
      • Mentoring
    • Implications for Change
      • New Developer Onboarding
      • Educational Curricula
    • References
  • 27. Mining Your Own Evidence
    • What Is There to Mine?
    • Designing a Study
    • A Mining Primer
      • Step 1: Determining Which Data to Use
      • Step 2: Data Retrieval
      • Step 3: Data Conversion (Optional)
      • Step 4: Data Extraction
      • Step 5: Parsing the Bug Reports
      • Step 6: Linking Data Sets
        • Linking code changes to bug reports
        • Linking bug reports to code changes (optional)
      • Step 6: Checking for Missing Links
      • Step 7: Mapping Bugs to Files
    • Where to Go from Here
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 28. Copy-Paste as a Principled Engineering Tool
    • An Example of Code Cloning
    • Detecting Clones in Software
    • Investigating the Practice of Code Cloning
      • Forking
      • Templating
      • Customizing
    • Our Study
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 29. How Usable Are Your APIs?
    • Why Is It Important to Study API Usability?
    • First Attempts at Studying API Usability
      • Study Design
      • Summary of Findings from the First Study
    • If At First You Dont Succeed...
      • Design of the Second Study
      • Summary of Findings from the Second Study
      • Cognitive Dimensions
    • Adapting to Different Work Styles
      • Scenario-Based Design
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 30. What Does 10x Mean? Measuring Variations in Programmer Productivity
    • Individual Productivity Variation in Software Development
      • Extremes in Individual Variation on the Bad Side
      • What Makes a Real 10x Programmer
    • Issues in Measuring Productivity of Individual Programmers
      • Productivity in Lines of Code per Staff Month
      • Productivity in Function Points
      • What About Complexity?
      • Is There Any Way to Measure Individual Productivity?
    • Team Productivity Variation in Software Development
    • References
• A. Contributors
• Index
• About the Authors
• Colophon
• Copyright

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