The Python Workshop

Spis treści książki

• Preface
  • About the Course
    • About the Chapters
    • Conventions
    • Before You Begin
    • Installing Jupyter on your system
    • Launching the Jupyter Notebook
    • To Install the Python Terminal on your system
    • A Few Important Packages
    • To install Docker
    • Installing the Code Bundle
• 1. Vital Python Math, Strings, Conditionals, and Loops
  • Introduction
  • Vital Python
  • Numbers: Operations, Types, and Variables
    • To Open a Jupyter Notebook
  • Python as a Calculator
    • Standard Math Operations
    • Basic Math Operations
    • Order of Operations
    • Exercise 1: Getting to Know the Order of Operations
    • Spacing in Python
    • Number Types: Integers and Floats
    • Exercise 2: Integer and Float Types
    • Complex Number Types
    • Errors in Python
    • Variables
    • Variable Assignment
    • Exercise 3: Assigning Variables
    • Changing Types
    • Reassigning Variables in Terms of Themselves
    • Activity 1: Assigning Values to Variables
    • Variable Names
    • Exercise 4: Variable Names
    • Multiple Variables
    • Exercise 5: Multiple Variables in Python
    • Comments
    • Exercise 6: Comments in Python
    • Docstrings
    • Activity 2: Finding a Solution Using the Pythagorean Theorem in Python
  • Strings: Concatenation, Methods, and input()
    • String Syntax
    • Exercise 7: String Error Syntax
    • Escape Sequences with Quotes
    • Multi-Line Strings
    • The print() Function
    • Exercise 8: Displaying Strings
    • String Operations and Concatenation
    • Exercise 9: String Concatenation
  • String Interpolation
    • Comma Separators
    • Format
    • The len() Function
    • String Methods
    • Exercise 10: String Methods
    • Casting
    • Exercise 11: Types and Casting
    • The input() Function
    • Exercise 12: The input() Function
    • Activity 3: Using the input() Function to Rate Your Day
  • String Indexing and Slicing
    • Indexing
  • Slicing
    • Strings and Their Methods
  • Booleans and Conditionals
    • Booleans
    • Exercise 13: Boolean Variables
    • Logical Operators
    • Comparison Operators
    • Exercise 14: Comparison Operators
    • Comparing Strings
    • Exercise 15: Comparing Strings
    • Conditionals
    • The if Syntax
    • Indentation
    • Exercise 16: Using the if Syntax
    • if else
    • Exercise 17: Using the if-else Syntax
    • The elif Statement
  • Loops
    • The while Loops
    • An Infinite Loop
    • break
    • Activity 4: Finding the Least Common Multiple (LCM)
    • Programs
    • Exercise 18: Calculating Perfect Squares
    • Exercise 19: Real Estate Offer
    • The for Loop
    • Exercise 20: Using for Loops
    • The continue Keyword
    • Activity 5: Building Conversational Bots Using Python
  • Summary
• 2. Python Structures
  • Introduction
  • The Power of Lists
    • Exercise 21: Working with Python Lists
    • Matrices as Nested Lists
    • Exercise 22: Using a Nested List to Store Data from a Matrix
    • Activity 6: Using a Nested List to Store Employee Data
  • Matrix Operations
    • Exercise 23: Implementing Matrix Operations (Addition and Subtraction)
    • Matrix Multiplication Operations
    • Exercise 24: Implementing Matrix Operations (Multiplication)
  • List Methods
    • Exercise 25: Basic List Operations
    • Accessing an Item from a List
    • Exercise 26: Accessing an Item from Shopping List Data
    • Adding an Item to a List
    • Exercise 27: Adding Items to Our Shopping List
  • Dictionary Keys and Values
    • Exercise 28: Using a Dictionary to Store a Movie Record
    • Activity 7: Storing Company Employee Table Data Using a List and a Dictionary
    • Zipping and Unzipping Dictionaries Using zip()
    • Exercise 29: Using the zip() Method to Manipulate Dictionaries
  • Dictionary Methods
    • Exercise 30: Accessing a Dictionary Using Dictionary Methods
  • Tuples
    • Exercise 31: Exploring Tuple Properties in Our Shopping List
  • A Survey of Sets
    • Exercise 32: Using Sets in Python
    • Set Operations
    • Exercise 33: Implementing Set Operations
  • Choosing Types
  • Summary
• 3. Executing Python Programs, Algorithms, and Functions
  • Introduction
  • Python Scripts and Modules
    • Exercise 34: Writing and Executing Our First Script
    • Exercise 35: Writing and Importing Our First Module
    • Shebangs in Ubuntu
    • Docstrings
    • Exercise 36: Adding a Docstring to my_module.py
    • Imports
    • Exercise 37: Finding the System Date
    • The if __name__ == "__main__" Statement
    • Activity 8: Whats the Time?
  • Python Algorithms
    • Exercise 38: The Maximum Number
    • Time Complexity
    • Time Complexity for the Maximum Number Algorithm
    • Sorting Algorithms
    • Exercise 39: Using Bubble Sort in Python
    • Searching Algorithms
    • Exercise 40: Linear Search in Python
    • Exercise 41: Binary Search in Python
  • Basic Functions
    • Exercise 42: Defining and Calling the Function in Shell
    • Exercise 43: Defining and Calling the Function in Python Script
    • Exercise 44: Importing and Calling the Function from the Shell
    • Positional Arguments
    • Keyword Arguments
    • Exercise 45: Defining the Function with Keyword Arguments
    • Exercise 46: Defining the Function with Positional and Keyword Arguments
    • Exercise 47: Using **kwargs
    • Activity 9: Formatting Customer Names
  • Iterative Functions
    • Exercise 48: A Simple Function with a for Loop
    • Exiting Early
    • Exercise 49: Exiting the Function During the for Loop
    • Activity 10: The Fibonacci Function with an Iteration
  • Recursive Functions
    • A Terminating Case
    • Exercise 50: Recursive Countdown
    • Exercise 51: Factorials with Iteration and Recursion
    • Activity 11: The Fibonacci Function with Recursion
  • Dynamic Programming
    • Exercise 52: Summing Integers
    • Timing Your Code
    • Exercise 53: Timing Your Code
    • Activity 12: The Fibonacci Function with Dynamic Programming
  • Helper Functions
    • Don't Repeat Yourself
    • Exercise 54: Helper Currency Conversion
  • Variable Scope
    • Variables
    • Defining inside versus outside a Function
    • The Global Keyword
    • The Nonlocal Keyword
  • Lambda Functions
    • Exercise 55: The First Item in a List
    • Mapping with Lambda Functions
    • Exercise 56: Mapping with a Logistic Transform
    • Filtering with Lambda Functions
    • Exercise 57: Using the Filter Lambda
    • Sorting with Lambda Functions
  • Summary
• 4. Extending Python, Files, Errors, and Graphs
  • Introduction
  • Reading Files
    • Exercise 58: Reading a Text File Using Python
    • Exercise 59: Reading Partial Content from a Text File
  • Writing Files
    • Exercise 60: Creating and Writing Content to Files to Record the Date and Time in a Text File
  • Preparing for Debugging (Defensive Code)
    • Writing Assertions
    • Exercise 61: Working with Incorrect Parameters to Find the Average Using Assert with Functions
  • Plotting Techniques
    • Exercise 62: Drawing a Scatter Plot to Study the Data between Ice Cream Sales versus Temperature
    • Exercise 63: Drawing a Line Chart to Find the Growth in Stock Prices
    • Exercise 64: Plotting Bar Plots to Grade Students
    • Exercise 65: Creating a Pie Chart to Visualize the Number of Votes in a School
    • Exercise 66: Generating a Heatmap to Visualize the Grades of Students
    • Exercise 67: Generating a Density Plot to Visualize the Score of Students
    • Exercise 68: Creating a Contour Plot
    • Extending Graphs
    • Exercise 69: Generating 3D plots to Plot a Sine Wave
  • The Don'ts of Plotting Graphs
    • Manipulating the Axis
    • Cherry Picking Data
    • Wrong Graph, Wrong Context
    • Activity 13: Visualizing the Titanic Dataset Using a Pie Chart and Bar Plots
  • Summary
• 5. Constructing Python Classes and Methods
  • Introduction
  • Classes and Objects
    • Exercise 70: Exploring Strings
  • Defining Classes
    • Exercise 71: Creating a Pet Class
  • The __init__ method
    • Exercise 72: Creating a Circle Class
    • Keyword Arguments
    • Exercise 73: The Country Class with Keyword Arguments
  • Methods
    • Instance Methods
    • Exercise 74: Adding an Instance Method to Our Pet Class
    • Adding Arguments to Instance Methods
    • Exercise 75: Computing the Size of Our Country
    • The __str__ method
    • Exercise 76: Adding an __str__ Method to the Country Class
    • Static Methods
    • Exercise 77: Refactoring Instance Methods Using a Static Method
    • Class Methods
    • Exercise 78: Extending Our Pet Class with Class Methods
  • Properties
    • The Property Decorator
    • Exercise 79: The Full Name Property
    • The Setter Method
    • Exercise 80: Writing a Setter Method
    • Validation via the Setter Method
  • Inheritance
    • The DRY Principle Revisited
    • Single Inheritance
    • Exercise 81: Inheriting from the Person Class
    • Sub-Classing Classes from Python Packages
    • Exercise 82: Sub-Classing the datetime.date Class
    • Overriding Methods
    • Calling the Parent Method with super()
    • Exercise 83: Overriding Methods Using super()
    • Multiple Inheritance
    • Exercise 84: Creating a Consultation Appointment System
    • Method Resolution Order
    • Activity 14: Creating Classes and Inheriting from a Parent Class
  • Summary
• 6. The Standard Library
  • Introduction
  • The Importance of the Standard Library
    • High-Level Modules
    • Lower-Level Modules
    • Knowing How to Navigate in the Standard Library
    • Exercise 85: Using the dataclass Module
    • Exercise 86: Extending the echo.py Example
  • Dates and Times
    • Exercise 87: Comparing datetime across Time Zones
    • Exercise 88: Calculating the Time Delta between Two datetime Objects
    • Exercise 89: Calculating the Unix Epoch Time
    • Activity 15: Calculating the Time Elapsed to Run a Loop
  • Interacting with the OS
    • OS Information
    • Exercise 90: Inspecting the Current Process Information
    • Using pathlib
    • Exercise 91: Using the glob Pattern to List Files within a Directory
    • Listing All Hidden Files in Your Home Directory
  • Using the subprocess Module
    • Exercise 92: Customizing Child Processes with env vars
    • Activity 16: Testing Python Code
  • Logging
    • Using Logging
    • Logger Object
    • Exercise 93: Using a logger Object
    • Logging in warning, error, and fatal Categories
    • Configuring the Logging Stack
    • Exercise 94: Configuring the Logging Stack
  • Collections
    • Counters
    • Exercise 95: Counting Words in a Text Document
    • defaultdict
    • Exercise 96: Refactoring Code with defaultdict
    • ChainMap
  • Functools
    • Caching with functools.lru_cache
    • Exercise 97: Using lru_cache to Speed Up Our Code
    • Partial
    • Exercise 98: Creating a print Function That Writes to stderr
    • Activity 17: Using partial on class Methods
  • Summary
• 7. Becoming Pythonic
  • Introduction
  • Using List Comprehensions
    • Exercise 99: Introducing List Comprehensions
    • Exercise 100: Using Multiple Input Lists
    • Activity 18: Building a Chess Tournament
  • Set and Dictionary Comprehensions
    • Exercise 101: Using Set Comprehensions
    • Exercise 102: Using Dictionary Comprehensions
    • Activity 19: Building a Scorecard Using Dictionary Comprehensions and Multiple Lists
  • Default Dictionary
    • Exercise 103: Adopting a Default Dict
  • Iterators
    • Exercise 104: The Simplest Iterator
    • Exercise 105: A Custom Iterator
    • Exercise 106: Controlling the Iteration
  • Itertools
    • Exercise 107: Using Infinite Sequences and takewhile
    • Exercise 108: Turning a Finite Sequence into an Infinite One, and Back Again
  • Generators
    • Exercise 109: Generating a Sieve
    • Activity 20: Using Random Numbers to Find the Value of Pi
  • Regular Expressions
    • Exercise 110: Matching Text with Regular Expressions
    • Exercise 111: Using Regular Expressions to Replace Text
    • Activity 21: Regular Expressions
  • Summary
• 8. Software Development
  • Introduction
  • Debugging
    • Exercise 112: Debugging a Salary Calculator
    • Activity 22: Debugging Sample Python Code for an Application
  • Automated Testing
    • Test Categorization
    • Test Coverage
    • Writing Tests in Python with Unit Testing
    • Exercise 113: Checking Sample Code with Unit Testing
    • Writing a Test with pytest
  • Creating a PIP Package
    • Exercise 114: Creating a Distribution That Includes Multiple Files within a Package
    • Adding More Information to Your Package
  • Creating Documentation the Easy Way
    • Docstrings
    • Using Sphinx
    • Exercise 115: Documenting a Divisible Code File
    • More Complex Documentation
  • Source Management
    • Repository
    • Commit
    • Staging Area
    • Undoing Local Changes
    • History
    • Ignoring Files
    • Exercise 116: Making a Change in CPython Using git
  • Summary
• 9. Practical Python Advanced Topics
  • Introduction
  • Developing Collaboratively
    • Exercise 117: Writing Python on GitHub as a Team
  • Dependency Management
    • Virtual Environments
    • Exercise 118: Creating and Setting Up a conda Virtual Environment to Install numpy and pandas
    • Saving and Sharing Virtual Environments
    • Exercise 119: Sharing Environments between a conda Server and Your Local System
  • Deploying Code into Production
    • Exercise 120: Dockerizing Your Fizzbuzz Tool
  • Multiprocessing
    • Multiprocessing with execnet
    • Exercise 121: Working with execnet to Execute a Simple Python Squaring Program
    • Multiprocessing with the Multiprocessing Package
    • Exercise 122: Using the Multiprocessing Package to Execute a Simple Python Program
    • Multiprocessing with the Threading Package
    • Exercise 123: Using the Threading Package
  • Parsing Command-Line Arguments in Scripts
    • Exercise 124: Introducing argparse to Accept Input from the User
    • Positional Arguments
    • Exercise 125: Using Positional Arguments to Accept Source and Destination Inputs from a User
  • Performance and Profiling
    • Changing Your Python
    • PyPy
    • Exercise 126: Using PyPy to Find the Time to Get a List of Prime Numbers
    • Cython
    • Exercise 127: Adopting Cython to Find the Time Taken to get a List of Prime Numbers
  • Profiling
    • Profiling with cProfile
    • Activity 23: Generating a List of Random Numbers in a Python Virtual Environment
  • Summary
• 10. Data Analytics with pandas and NumPy
  • Introduction
  • NumPy and Basic Stats
    • Exercise 128: Converting Lists to NumPy Arrays
    • Exercise 129: Calculating the Mean of the Test Score
    • Exercise 130: Finding the Median from a Collection of Income Data
    • Skewed Data and Outliers
    • Standard Deviation
    • Exercise 131: Finding the Standard Deviation from Income Data
  • Matrices
    • Exercise 132: Matrices
    • Computation Time for Large Matrices
    • Exercise 133: Creating an Array to Implement NumPy Computations
  • The pandas Library
    • Exercise 134: Using DataFrames to Manipulate Stored Student testscore Data
    • Exercise 135: DataFrame Computations with the Student testscore Data
    • Exercise 136: Computing DataFrames within DataFrames
    • New Rows and NaN
    • Exercise 137: Concatenating and Finding the Mean with Null Values for Our testscore Data
    • Cast Column Types
  • Data
    • Downloading Data
    • Downloading the Boston Housing Data from GitHub
    • Reading Data
    • Exercise 138: Reading and Viewing the Boston Housing Dataset
    • Exercise 139: Gaining Data Insights on the Boston Housing Dataset
  • Null Values
    • Exercise 140: Null Value Operations on the Dataset
    • Replacing Null Values
  • Visual Analysis
    • The matplotlib Library
    • Histograms
    • Exercise 141: Creating a Histogram Using the Boston Housing Dataset
    • Histogram Functions
    • Scatter Plots
    • Exercise 142: Creating a Scatter Plot for the Boston Housing Dataset
    • Correlation
    • Exercise 143: Correlation Values from the Dataset
    • Regression
    • Plotting a Regression Line
    • StatsModel Regression Output
    • Additional Models
    • Exercise 144: Box Plots
    • Violin Plots
    • Activity 24: Data Analysis to Find the Outliers in Pay versus the Salary Report in the UK Statistics Dataset
  • Summary
• 11. Machine Learning
  • Introduction
  • Introduction to Linear Regression
    • Simplify the Problem
    • From One to N-Dimensions
    • The Linear Regression Algorithm
    • Exercise 145: Using Linear Regression to Predict the Accuracy of the Median Values of Our Dataset
    • Linear Regression Function
  • Cross-Validation
    • Exercise 146: Using the cross_val_score Function to Get Accurate Results on the Dataset
  • Regularization: Ridge and Lasso
  • K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Trees, and Random Forests
    • K-Nearest Neighbors
    • Exercise 147: Using K-Nearest Neighbors to Find the Median Value of the Dataset
    • Exercise 148: K-Nearest Neighbors with GridSearchCV to Find the Optimal Number of Neighbors
    • Decision Trees and Random Forests
    • Exercise 149: Decision Trees and Random Forests
    • Random Forest Hyperparameters
    • Exercise 150: Random Forest Tuned to Improve the Prediction on Our Dataset
  • Classification Models
    • Exercise 151: Preparing the Pulsar Dataset and Checking for Null Values
    • Logistic Regression
    • Exercise 152: Using Logistic Regression to Predict Data Accuracy
    • Other Classifiers
    • Naive Bayes
    • Exercise 153: Using GaussianNB, KneighborsClassifier, DecisionTreeClassifier, and RandomForestClassifier to Predict Accuracy in Our Dataset
    • Confusion Matrix
    • Exercise 154: Finding the Pulsar Percentage from the Dataset
    • Exercise 155: Confusion Matrix and Classification Report for the Pulsar Dataset
  • Boosting Methods
    • Exercise 156: Using AdaBoost to Predict the Best Optimal Values
    • Activity 25: Using Machine Learning to Predict Customer Return Rate Accuracy
  • Summary
• Appendix
  • 1. Vital Python Math, Strings, Conditionals, and Loops
    • Activity 1: Assigning Values to Variables
    • Activity 2: Finding a Solution Using Pythagorean Theorem in Python
    • Activity 3: Using the input() Function to Rate Your Day
    • Activity 4: Finding the Least Common Multiple (LCM)
    • Activity 5: Building Conversational Bots Using Python
  • 2. Python Structures
    • Activity 6: Using a Nested List to Store Employee Data
    • Activity 7: Storing Company Employee Table Data Using a List and a Dictionary
  • 3. Executing Python Programs, Algorithms, Functions
    • Activity 8: What's the Time?
    • Activity 9: Formatting Customer Names
    • Activity 10: The Fibonacci Function with an Iteration
    • Activity 11: The Fibonacci Function with Recursion
    • Activity 12: The Fibonacci Function with Dynamic Programming
  • 4. Extending Python, Files, Errors, and Graphs
    • Activity 13: Visualizing the Titanic Dataset Using a Pie Chart and Bar Plots
  • 5. Constructing Python Classes and Methods
    • Activity 14: Creating Classes and Inheriting from a Parent Class
    • Solution:
  • 6. The Standard Library
    • Activity 15: Calculating the Time Elapsed to Run a Loop
    • Activity 16: Testing Python Code
    • Activity 17: Using partial on class Methods
    • Wrong Assumptions with Date and Time
  • 7. Becoming Pythonic
    • Activity 18: Building a Chess Tournament
    • Activity 19: Building a Scorecard Using Dictionary Comprehensions and Multiple Lists
    • Activity 20: Using Random Numbers to Find the Value of Pi
    • Activity 21: Regular Expressions
  • 8. Software Development
    • Activity 22: Debugging Sample Python Code for an Application
  • 9. Practical Python Advanced Topics
    • Activity 23: Generating a List of Random Numbers in a Python Virtual Environment
  • 10. Data Analytics with pandas and NumPy
    • Activity 24: Data Analysis to Find the Outliers in Pay versus the Salary Report in the UK Statistics Dataset
  • 11. Machine Learning
    • Activity 25: Using Machine Learning to Predict Customer Return Rate Accuracy

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