Exim: The Mail Transfer Agent. The Mail Transfer Agent Philip Hazel

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• Exim: The Mail Transfer Agent
• Preface
  • Organization of the Book
  • Conventions Used in This Book
  • Comments and Questions
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. Introduction
• 2. How Internet Mail Works
  • Different Types of MTA
  • Internet Message Standards
  • RFC 822 Message Format
  • The Message On the Wire
  • Summary of the SMTP Protocol
  • Forgery
  • Authentication and Encryption
  • Routing a Message
  • Checking Incoming Mail
  • Overview of the DNS
  • DNS Records Used for Mail Routing
  • Related DNS Records
  • Common DNS Errors
  • Role of the Postmaster
• 3. Exim Overview
  • Exim Philosophy
  • Exims Queue
  • Receiving and Delivering Messages
  • Exim Processes
  • Coordination Between Processes
  • How Exim Is Configured
  • How Exim Delivers Messages
  • Local and Remote Addresses
  • Processing an Address
  • A Simple Example
  • Complications While Directing and Routing
    • Duplicate Addresses
    • Missing Data
    • Directing Loops
    • Remote Address Becoming Local
    • Remote Address Routing to the Local Host
  • Complications During Delivery
  • Complications After Delivery
  • Use of Transports by Directors and Routers
• 4. Exim Operations Overview
  • How Exim Identifies Messages
  • Watching Exim at Work
  • The Runtime Configuration File
    • Layout of the Configuration File
    • A Minimal Usable Configuration File
    • Option Setting Syntax
    • Macros in the Configuration File
    • Hiding Configuration Data
    • String Expansions
    • File and Database Lookups
    • Domain, Host, and Address Lists
  • The Default Qualification Domain
  • Handling Frozen Bounce Messages
  • Reducing Activity at High Load
    • Delaying or Suspending Delivery When the Load Is High
    • Suspending Incoming Mail When the Load Is High
    • Controlling the Number of Incoming SMTP Connections
    • Checking for Free Disk Space
  • Limiting Message Sizes
  • Parallel Remote Delivery
  • Controlling the Number of Delivery Processes
  • Large Message Queues
  • Large Installations
    • Linear Password Files
    • Mailbox Directories
    • Simultaneous Message Deliveries
    • Minimizing Name Server Delays
    • Storing Messages for Dial-up Hosts
    • Hardware Configuration
• 5. Extending the Delivery Configuration
  • Multiple Local Domains
    • Differentiating Between Multiple Domains
  • Virtual Domains
    • Defaults in Virtual Domains
    • Postmasters in Virtual Domains
  • Mailing Lists
    • Syntax Errors in Mailing Lists
    • NFS-Mounted Mailing Lists
    • Reexpansion of Mailing Lists
    • Closed Mailing Lists
    • External Mailing List Software
  • Using an External Local Delivery Agent
  • Multiple User Addresses
  • Mixed Local/Remote Domains
  • Delivering to UUCP
  • Ignoring the Local Part in Local Deliveries
  • Handling Local Parts in a Case-Sensitive Manner
  • Scanning Messages for Viruses
    • Virus Checking on the Local Host
    • Virus Checking on an External Host
  • Modifying Message Bodies
• 6. Options Common to Directors and Routers
  • Conditional Running of Routers and Directors
    • Restricting Drivers to Specific Domains
    • Stopping an Address from Being Passed On
    • Restricting Drivers to Specific Local Parts
    • Restricting Drivers to Specific Senders
    • Restricting Drivers by Other Conditions
    • Restricting a Driver to Verification Only
    • Restricting Drivers by File Existence
    • Interaction of Conditions
  • Changing a Drivers Successful Outcome
  • Adding Data for Use by Transports
    • Adding or Removing Header Lines
    • Changing the Return Path
    • Controlling the Environment for Local Deliveries
    • Specifying fallback_hosts
  • Debugging Directors and Routers
  • Summary of Director/Router Generic Options
• 7. The Directors
  • Conditional Running of Directors
    • Local Part Prefixes and Suffixes
    • Control of EXPN
  • Optimizing Single-Level Aliasing
  • Adding Data for Use by Transports
  • The aliasfile and forwardfile Directors
    • Items in Alias and Forward Lists
      • Duplicate addresses
      • Including the incoming address in a list
      • A bad interaction between aliases and forwarding
      • Nonaddress alias and forward items
      • Nonaddress alias-only items
    • Options Common to aliasfile and forwardfile
      • Checks on file attributes
      • Ancestor checking
      • Transports for pipes and files
      • Disabling pipes and files
      • Unqualified addresses
      • Rewriting generated addresses
      • One-time aliasing and forwarding
      • Missing include files
      • Syntax errors in alias or forward lists
      • Telling users about broken .forward files
    • Summary of Options Common to aliasfile and forwardfile
  • The aliasfile Director
    • Specifying the Lookup
    • Expanding a List of Aliases
    • Specifying a Transport for aliasfile
    • Summary of aliasfile Options
  • The forwardfile Director
    • Contents of forwardfile Lists
    • Specifying a .forward File
    • Specifying an Inline Forwarding List
    • Checking Local Users
    • Special Error Handling
    • Disabling Certain Features
    • Enabling Certain System Actions
    • The $home Variable
    • Current and Home Directories
    • Summary of forwardfile Options
  • The localuser Director
    • Transports for localuser
    • Checking the Home Directory
  • The smartuser Director
    • Using smartuser to Generate New Addresses
    • Using smartuser to Direct to a Transport
    • Summary of smartuser Options
• 8. The Routers
  • Timeouts While Routing
  • Domains That Route to the Local Host
    • Treating Domains Routed to self as Local
    • Passing Domains Routed to self to the Next Router
    • Rerouting Domains Routed to self
    • Failing Domains Routed to Self
    • Transporting Domains Routed to self
    • Deferring Domains Routed to self
  • The lookuphost Router
    • Controlling DNS lookups
    • Conditions for MX Records
    • Using the Systems Host lookup Instead of the DNS
    • Explicit lookup Widening
    • Header Rewriting
    • Summary of lookuphost Options
  • The domainlist Router
    • Inline Routing Rules
    • Looked-up Routing Rules
    • Preprocessing the Host List
    • Routing to a Local Transport
    • Using domainlist on a Mail Hub
    • Varying the Transport
    • Using domainlist to Change the Routing Domain
    • Other domainlist Options
    • Summary of domainlist Options
  • The ipliteral Router
  • The queryprogram Router
    • The queryprogram Command
    • Running the queryprogram Command
    • The Result of the queryprogram Command
    • Summary of queryprogram Options
• 9. The Transports
  • Options Common to All Transports
    • Debugging Transports
    • Transporting Only Part of a Message
    • Controlling Message Size
    • Adding and Removing Header Lines
    • Rewriting Addresses in Header Lines
    • Changing the Return Path
    • Transport Filters
    • Shadow Transports
    • Summary of Generic Transport Options
  • The smtp Transport
    • Control of Multiple Addresses
    • Control of Outgoing Calls
    • Control of the TCP/IP Connection
    • Use of the SIZE Option in SMTP
    • Use of the AUTH Command in SMTP
    • Use of the LMTP Protocol
    • Specifying Hosts
      • Specifying a primary host list
      • Overriding a routers host list
      • Randomizing a host list
      • Specifying a fallback host list
      • Looking up IP addresses
      • Handling the local host
    • Control of Retrying
    • Summary of smtp Options
  • Environment for Local Transports
    • Uids and Gids
    • Current and Home Directories
    • Expansion Variables Derived from the Address
  • Options Common to the appendfile and pipe Transports
    • Controlling the Delivery Environment
    • Controlling the Format of the Message
      • Separating messages in a single file
      • Escaping lines in the message
      • Control of line terminators
    • Batched Delivery and BSMTP
      • A non-BSMTP batching example
      • A BSMTP batching example
      • Use of multiple files for batched messages
    • Control of Retrying
    • Summary of Options Common to appendfile and pipe
  • The appendfile Transport
    • Setting Up a Multimessage File for Appending
      • Mailbox location
      • Symbolic links for mailbox files
      • Delivering to named pipes (FIFOs)
      • Creating a nonexistent file
      • The owner of an existing file
      • The mode of the file
    • Format of Appended Messages
      • MBX format mailboxes
      • Checking an existing files format
    • Locking a File for Appending
      • Locking using a lock file
      • Using a locking function
      • Why use lock files?
      • Locking options for non-MBX mailboxes
      • Locking options for MBX mailboxes
    • Delivering Each Message into a Separate File
    • Maildir Format
    • Mailbox Quotas
    • Inclusive and Exclusive Quotas
    • Quota Warnings
    • Notifying comsat
    • Summary of appendfile Options
  • The pipe Transport
    • Defining the Command to Run
    • The Uid and Gid for the Command
    • Running the Command
      • Parsing the command line
      • Using a shell
    • The Command Environment
    • Timing the Command
    • Restricting Which Commands Can Be Run
    • Handling Command Errors
    • Handling Output from the Command
    • Summary of pipe Options
  • The lmtp Transport
  • The autoreply Transport
    • The Parameters of the Message
    • Once-Only Messages
    • Keeping a Log of Messages Sent
    • Summary of autoreply Options
• 10. Message Filtering
  • Examples of Filter Commands
  • Filtering Compared with an External Delivery Agent
  • Setting Up a User Filter
  • Setting Up a System Filter
    • Summary of System Filter Options
  • Testing Filter Files
    • Testing a System Filter File
    • Testing an Installed Filter File
  • Format of Filter Files
  • Significant Actions
  • Filter Commands
  • The add Command
  • Delivery Commands
    • The deliver Command
    • The save Command
    • The pipe Command
    • Ignoring Delivery Errors
  • Mail Commands
  • Logging Commands
  • The testprint Command
  • The finish Command
  • Obeying Filter Commands Conditionally
    • String Testing Conditions
    • Numeric Testing Conditions
    • Testing for Personal Mail
    • Testing for Significant Actions
    • Testing for Error Messages
    • Testing Delivery Status
    • Testing a List of Addresses
  • Additional Features for System Filters
    • The fail Command
    • The freeze Command
    • The headers add Command
    • The headers remove Command
• 11. Shared Data and Exim Processes
  • Message Files
  • Locking Message Files
  • Hints Files
  • Log Files
  • User and Group IDs for Exim Processes
  • Process Relationships
  • The Daemon Process
    • Summary of Options for the Daemon
  • Reception Processes
  • Queue Runner Processes
    • Special Kinds of Queue Run
  • Delivery Processes
    • Variations on Delivery
  • Summary of Message Handling Process Types
  • Other Types of Process
• 12. Delivery Errors and Retrying
  • Retrying After Errors
  • Remote Delivery Errors
    • Host Errors
    • Message Errors
    • Recipient Errors
    • Problems of Error Classification
    • Delivery to Multiple Hosts
  • Local Delivery Errors
  • Routing and Directing Errors
  • Retry Rules
    • Retry Rule Patterns
    • Retry Rule Error Names
    • Retry Rule Parameter Sets
  • Computing Retry Times
  • Using Retry Times
  • Retry Rule Examples
  • Timeout of Retry Data
  • Long-Term Failures
  • Ultimate Address Timeout
  • Intermittently Connected Hosts
    • Incoming Mail for an Intermittently Connected Host
    • Exim on an Intermittently Connected Host
      • The daemon on an intermittently connected host
      • Incoming mail on an intermittently connected host
• 13. Message Reception and Policy Controls
  • Message Sources
  • Message Size Control
  • Messages from Local Processes
    • Addresses in Header Lines
    • Specifying Recipient Addresses
    • Local Sender Addresses
  • Unqualified Addresses from Remote Hosts
  • Checking a Remote Host
    • Verifying a Hosts Name
    • Verifying EHLO or HELO
    • Using a DNS Blocking List
      • Configuring Exim to use an RBL
      • RBL warnings
      • RBL rejection
      • Using RBL data values
      • Remaining RBL options
    • Explicit Host Blocking
  • Checking Remote Sender Addresses
    • Verifying SMTP Sender Addresses
      • Verify callbacks
      • Configuring routers and directors for verification
    • Exceptions to Sender Verification
    • Temporary Sender Verification Failures
    • Permanent Sender Verification Failures
    • Fixing Bad Envelope Senders
    • Testing Sender Verification
    • Checking Senders in Header Lines
    • Explicitly Rejecting Senders
    • Summary of Sender Checking Options
  • Checking Recipient Addresses
    • Verifying Recipient Addresses
    • Conditional Recipient Verification
    • Testing Recipient Verification
    • Explicitly Rejecting Recipients
    • Summary of Recipient Rejection Options
  • Checking Header Line Syntax
  • Relay Control
    • Incoming and Outgoing Relaying
    • Relay Checking
      • Local parts containing % or @
      • Incomplete domains
    • Incoming Relaying
      • Automatic relaying for MX backups
    • Outgoing Relaying
      • Relaying from authenticated hosts
      • Relaying using encryption
      • Relaying from specific senders
      • Permitting relaying by host or sender
    • Summary of Relay Control Options
  • Customizing Prohibition Messages
  • Incoming Message Processing
    • The UUCP From Line
    • The From: Header Line
    • The Sender: Header Line
    • The Bcc:, Cc:, and To: Header Lines
    • The Return-path:, Envelope-to:, and Delivery-date: Header Lines
    • The Date: Header Line
    • The Message-id: Header Line
    • The Received: Header Line
• 14. Rewriting Addresses
  • Automatic Rewriting
  • Configured Rewriting
    • General Rewriting
    • Per-Transport Rewriting
  • Rewriting Rules
    • Format of Rewriting Rules
    • Applying Rewriting Rules
    • Conditional Rewriting
    • Lookup-Driven Rewriting
  • Rewriting Patterns
  • Rewriting Flags
    • Flags Specifying What to Rewrite
    • Flags Controlling the Rewriting Process
    • The SMTP-Time Rewriting Flag
  • A Further Rewriting Example
  • Testing Rewriting Rules
• 15. Authentication, Encryption, and Other SMTP Processing
  • SMTP Authentication
    • Authentication Mechanisms
    • PLAIN Authentication
    • LOGIN Authentication
    • CRAM-MD5 Authentication
    • Choice of Authentication Mechanism
    • Exim Authenticators
    • Authentication on an Exim Server
    • Advertising Authentication
    • Testing Server Authentication
    • Authenticated Senders
    • Authentication by an Exim Client
    • Options Common to All Authenticators
    • Using the plaintext Authenticator in a Server
    • Using plaintext in a Client
    • Using cram_md5 in a Server
    • Using cram_md5 in a Client
  • Encrypted SMTP Connections
    • Configuring Exim to Use TLS as a Server
    • Setting Conditions on TLS Connections
    • Forcing Clients to Use TLS
    • Allowing Relaying over TLS Sessions
    • Variables That Are Set for a TLS Connection
    • Configuring Exim to Use TLS as a Client
  • SMTP over TCP/IP
    • Outgoing SMTP over TCP/IP
    • Incoming SMTP Messages over TCP/IP
    • The VRFY and EXPN Commands
    • The ETRN Command
  • Local SMTP
  • Batched SMTP
• 16. File and Database Lookups
  • Single-Key Lookup Types
  • Query-Style Lookup Types
  • Quoting Lookup Data
  • NIS+
  • LDAP
    • Data Returned by an LDAP Lookup
  • MySQL and PostgreSQL
  • DNS Lookups
  • Implicit Keys in Query-Style Lookups
  • Temporary Errors in Lookups
  • Default Values in Single-Key Lookups
  • Partial Matching in Single-Key Lookups
  • Lookup Caching
• 17. String Expansion
  • Variable Substitution
  • Header Insertion
  • Operations on Substrings
    • Extracting the Initial Part of a Substring
    • Extracting an Arbitrary Part of a Substring
    • Hashing Operators
    • Forcing the Case of Letters
  • Character Translation
  • Text Substitution
  • Conditional Expansion
    • Testing for a Specific String
    • Negated Conditions
    • Regular Expression Matching
    • Encrypted String Comparison
    • PAM Authentication
    • Numeric Comparisons
    • Empty Variables and Nonexistent Header Lines
    • File Existence
    • The State of a Messages Delivery
    • Combining Expansion Conditions
    • Forcing Expansion Failure
  • Lookups in Expansion Strings
    • Single-Key Lookups in Expansion Strings
    • Partial Lookups in Expansion Strings
    • Single-Key Lookup Failures
    • Query-Style Lookups in Expansion Strings
    • Reducing the Number of Database Queries
    • Defaults for Lookups in Expansion Strings
    • A Shorthand for One Common Case
  • Extracting Fields from Substrings
    • Splitting Up Addresses
    • Extracting Named Fields from a Line of Data
    • Extracting Unnamed Fields from a Line of Data
  • IP Address Masking
  • Quoting
    • Quoting Addresses
    • Quoting Data for Regular Expressions
    • Quoting Data in Lookup Queries
    • Quoting Printing Data
  • Reexpansion
  • Running Embedded Perl
  • Testing String Expansions
• 18. Domain, Host, and Address Lists
  • Negative Items in Lists
  • List Items in Files
  • Lookup Items in Lists
  • Domain Lists
  • Host Lists
    • Host Checks by IP Address
    • Host Checking Using Forward Lookup
    • Host Checking Using Reverse Lookup
    • Use of RFC 1413 Identification in Host Lists
  • Address Lists
    • Case of Letters in Address Lists
• 19. Miscellany
  • Security Issues
    • Use of Root Privilege
      • How Unix uses uids to control privilege
      • Why does Exim need root privilege?
      • Relinquishing root privilege
      • The security option
    • Running Local Deliveries as root
    • Running an Unprivileged Exim
  • Privileged Users
    • Trusted Users
      • Setting the sender of a locally submitted message
      • Setting other information in a locally submitted message
    • Admin Users
  • RFC Conformance
    • 8-Bit Characters
    • Address Syntax
      • Built-in address syntax extensions
      • Configurable address syntax extensions
      • Domain literal addresses
      • Source routed addresses
    • Canonicizing Addresses
    • Coping with Broken MX Records
    • Line Terminators in SMTP
    • Syntax of HELO and EHLO
  • Timestamps
  • Checking Spool Space
  • Control of DNS Lookups
  • Bounce Message Handling
    • Replying to Bounce Messages
    • Taking Copies of Bounce Messages
    • Messages to Postmaster
    • Delay Warning Messages
    • Customizing Bounce Messages
    • Customizing Warning Messages
  • Miscellaneous Controls
• 20. Command-Line Interface to Exim
  • Input Mode Control
    • Starting a Daemon Process
    • Interactive SMTP Reception
    • Batch SMTP Reception
    • Non-SMTP reception
    • Summary of Reception Options
  • Additional Message Data
    • Sender Address
    • Sender Name
    • Remote Host Information
  • Immediate Delivery Control
  • Error Routing
  • Queue Runner Processes
    • Overriding Retry Times and Freezing
    • Local Addresses Only
    • Two-Pass Processing for Remote Addresses
    • Periodic Queue Runs
    • Processing Specific Messages
    • Processing Specific Addresses
    • Summary of Queue Runner Options
  • Configuration Overrides
  • Watching Exims Queue
  • Message Control
    • Operations on a List of Messages
    • Inspecting a Queued Message
    • Modifying a Queued Message
    • Summary of Message Control Options
  • Testing Options
    • Testing the Configuration Settings
    • Testing Address Handling
    • Testing Incoming Connections
    • Testing Retry Rules
    • Testing Rewriting Rules
    • Testing Filter Files
    • Testing String Expansion
  • Options for Debugging
    • Suppressing Delivery
  • Terminating the Options
  • Embedded Perl Options
  • Compatibility with Sendmail
  • Calling Exim by Different Names
• 21. Administering Exim
  • Log Files
  • Log Destination Control
    • Logging to syslog
    • Log Level
    • Other Options Affecting Log Content
  • Format of Main Log Entries
    • Logging Message Reception
    • Logging Deliveries
    • Deferred Deliveries
    • Delivery Failures
    • Message Completion
    • Other Log Entries
  • Cycling Log Files
  • Extracting Information from Log Files
    • The exigrep Utility
    • The eximstats Utility
  • Watching What Exim is Doing
    • The exiqsumm Utility
    • The exinext Utility
    • Querying Exim Processes
  • The Exim Monitor
    • Running the Monitor
    • The Stripcharts
    • Main Action Buttons
    • The Log Display
    • The Queue Display
    • The Queue Menu
  • Maintaining Alias and Other Datafiles
    • Maintaining DBM Files
  • Hints Database Maintenance
  • Mailbox Maintenance
• 22. Building and Installing Exim
  • Prerequisites
  • Fetching and Unpacking the Source
  • Configuration for Building
    • The Contents of Local/Makefile
    • Mandatory Makefile Settings
    • Driver Choices in the Makefile
    • Module Choices in the Makefile
    • Recommended Makefile Settings
    • A Plausible Minimal Makefile
    • System-Related Makefile Settings
    • Optional Settings in the Makefile
    • Configuration for Building the Exim Monitor
    • Building Exim for Multiple Systems
  • The Building Process
  • Installing Exim
  • Testing Before Turning On
  • Turning Exim On
  • Installing Documentation in Info Format
  • Upgrading to a New Release
• A. Summary of String Expansion
  • Expansion Items
  • Expansion Conditions
    • Combining Conditions
  • Expansion Variables
• B. Regular Expressions
  • Testing Regular Expressions
  • Metacharacters
  • Backslash
  • Changing Matching Options
  • Circumflex and Dollar
  • Dot (Period, Full Stop)
  • Square Brackets
  • POSIX Character Classes
  • Vertical Bar
  • Subpatterns
  • Repetition
  • Back References
  • Assertions
  • Once-Only Subpatterns
  • Conditional Subpatterns
  • Comments
  • Recursive Patterns
  • Performance
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright

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