AppleScript: The Definitive Guide. Scripting and Automating Your Mac. 2nd Edition

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• AppleScript: The Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition
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  • Preface
    • The Scope of This Book
    • Versions
    • How This Book Is Organized
      • Part I, AppleScript Overview
      • Part II, The AppleScript Language
      • Part III, AppleScript in Action
      • Part IV, Appendixes
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • How to Contact Us
    • Safari Enabled
    • Acknowledgments (First Edition)
    • Acknowledgments (Second Edition)
  • I. AppleScript Overview
    • 1. Why to Use AppleScript
      • 1.1. The Nature and Purpose of AppleScript
      • 1.2. Is This Application Scriptable?
      • 1.3. Calculation and Repetition
      • 1.4. Reduction
      • 1.5. Customization
      • 1.6. Combining Specialties
    • 2. Where to Use AppleScript
      • 2.1. Script Editor
        • 2.1.1. Apples Script Editor
        • 2.1.2. Smile
        • 2.1.3. Script Debugger
      • 2.2. Internally Scriptable Application
      • 2.3. Script Runner
      • 2.4. Automatic Location
      • 2.5. Application
        • 2.5.1. Applet
        • 2.5.2. AppleScript Studio
        • 2.5.3. Cocoa
      • 2.6. Unix
      • 2.7. Hyperlinks
      • 2.8. Automator
    • 3. Basic Concepts
      • 3.1. Apple Events
        • 3.1.1. Reply
        • 3.1.2. Scriptability
        • 3.1.3. The Life of an Apple Event
        • 3.1.4. What an Apple Event Looks Like
        • 3.1.5. Go and Catch an Apple Event
        • 3.1.6. What All This Has to Do with AppleScript
      • 3.2. The Open Scripting Architecture
        • 3.2.1. Components
        • 3.2.2. Other Scripting Languages
        • 3.2.3. Talking to a Scripting Component
        • 3.2.4. Maintenance of State
      • 3.3. Script
        • 3.3.1. Script as Drive
        • 3.3.2. Script as Program
        • 3.3.3. Script as Script Object
        • 3.3.4. Script as Scripting Component Operand
        • 3.3.5. Script as File
      • 3.4. Compiling and Decompiling
        • 3.4.1. Compiling
        • 3.4.2. Decompiling
      • 3.5. Compiled Script Files
        • 3.5.1. Compiled Script File Formats
        • 3.5.2. Run-only Scripts
      • 3.6. Script Text File
      • 3.7. Applet and Droplet
      • 3.8. Scripting Addition
      • 3.9. Dictionary
        • 3.9.1. Dictionary Formats
        • 3.9.2. Dictionary Troubles
      • 3.10. Missing External Referents
        • 3.10.1. Application Missing at Compile Time
        • 3.10.2. Application Missing at Decompile Time
        • 3.10.3. Application Missing When a Compiled Script Runs
        • 3.10.4. Application Missing When an Applet Launches
        • 3.10.5. Scripting Addition Missing
      • 3.11. Modes of Scriptability
        • 3.11.1. Recordability
        • 3.11.2. Attachability
  • II. The AppleScript Language
    • 4. Introducing the Language
      • 4.1. A Little Language
      • 4.2. Extensibility and Its Perils
      • 4.3. The "English-likeness" Monster
      • 4.4. Object-likeness
      • 4.5. LISP-likeness
      • 4.6. The Learning Curve
    • 5. Syntactic Ground of Being
      • 5.1. Lines
        • 5.1.1. Line-Break Characters
        • 5.1.2. Line-Break Characters in Strings
        • 5.1.3. Continuation Character
      • 5.2. Result
        • 5.2.1. Explicit Result
        • 5.2.2. Implicit Result
      • 5.3. Comments
      • 5.4. Abbreviations and Synonyms
      • 5.5. Blocks
      • 5.6. The
    • 6. A Map of the World
      • 6.1. Scope Blocks
      • 6.2. Levels and Nesting
      • 6.3. The Top Level
      • 6.4. Code and the Run Handler
      • 6.5. Variables
    • 7. Variables
      • 7.2. Assignment and Retrieval
        • Reference Section
          • set
        • Reference Section
          • copy
        • 7.2.1. Set by Reference
        • 7.2.2. Multiple Assignment
        • 7.2.3. Retrieval
      • 7.3. Declaration and Definition of Variables
        • 7.3.1. Definition
        • 7.3.2. Initialization
        • 7.3.3. Typing
      • 7.4. Variable Names
        • 7.4.1. Case-Insensitivity of Variable Names
        • 7.4.2. Memory of Variable Names
        • 7.4.3. Variable Names and Vertical Bars
    • 8. Script Objects
      • 8.1. Script Object Definition
      • 8.2. Run Handler
      • 8.3. Script Properties
      • 8.4. Script Objects as Values
      • 8.5. Top-Level Entities
        • 8.5.1. Accessing Top-Level Entities
        • 8.5.2. Persistence of Top-Level Entities
          • 8.5.2.1. What reinitializes top-level entities
          • 8.5.2.2. File-level persistence
      • 8.6. Compiled Script Files as Script Objects
        • Reference Section
          • load script
        • Reference Section
          • run script
        • Reference Section
          • store script
        • 8.6.1. Data Storage
        • 8.6.2. Library
      • 8.7. Inheritance
        • 8.7.1. Polymorphism
        • 8.7.2. Continue
        • 8.7.3. The Implicit Parent Chain
        • 8.7.4. Non-Script Parent
        • 8.7.5. Handler Calls, Commands, and Script Objects
    • 9. Handlers
      • 9.1. Handler Definition
      • 9.2. Returned Value
      • 9.3. Handlers as Values
      • 9.4. Parameters
      • 9.5. Pass by Reference
      • 9.6. Syntax of Defining and Calling a Handler
        • 9.6.1. Optional Parameters
        • 9.6.2. No Parameters
        • 9.6.3. Positional Parameters
        • 9.6.4. Prepositional Parameters
        • 9.6.5. Named Parameters
      • 9.7. Event Handlers
      • 9.8. The Run Handler
      • 9.9. Recursion
      • 9.10. Power Handler Tricks
        • 9.10.1. Handler and Script Object as Parameter
        • 9.10.2. Handler and Script Object as Result
    • 10. Scope
      • 10.1. Regions of Scope
      • 10.2. Kinds of Variable
      • 10.3. Scope of Top-Level Entities
      • 10.4. Scope of Locals
      • 10.5. Scope of Globals
        • 10.5.1. Global Declarations: The Downward Effect
        • 10.5.2. Global Declarations: The Upward Effect
          • 10.5.2.1. Global as static
          • 10.5.2.2. Global as script property
          • 10.5.2.3. The double effect of global declarations
      • 10.6. Scope of Undeclared Variables
      • 10.7. Declare Your Variables
      • 10.8. Free Variables
      • 10.9. Redeclaration of Variables
      • 10.10. Closures
        • 10.10.1. Closures and Handlers
        • 10.10.2. Closures and Stored Script Objects
    • 11. Objects
      • 11.1. Messages
      • 11.2. Attributes
      • 11.3. Class
      • 11.4. Target
        • 11.4.1. Direct Object
        • 11.4.2. Tell Block
        • 11.4.3. Of
        • 11.4.4. The Chain of Ofs and Tells
        • 11.4.5. Terms in Scope
        • 11.4.6. Nested Targets
      • 11.5. Get
      • 11.6. It
      • 11.7. Me
      • 11.8. Properties and Elements
      • 11.9. Element Specifiers
        • 11.9.1. Name
        • 11.9.2. Index
        • 11.9.3. ID
        • 11.9.4. Some
        • 11.9.5. Every
        • 11.9.6. Range
        • 11.9.7. Relative
        • 11.9.8. Boolean Test
      • 11.10. Operations on Multiple References
      • 11.11. Assignment of Multiple Attributes
      • 11.12. Object String Specifier
    • 12. References
      • 12.1. Reference as Target
      • 12.2. Reference as Incantation
        • 12.2.1. Preresolution of Terminology
        • 12.2.2. Being Careful with References
      • 12.3. Creating a Reference
      • 12.4. Identifying References
      • 12.5. Dereferencing a Reference
      • 12.6. Trouble with Contents
      • 12.7. Creating References to Variables
      • 12.8. Reference as Parameter
    • 13. Datatypes
      • 13.1. Application
      • 13.2. Machine
      • 13.3. Data
      • 13.4. Boolean
      • 13.5. Integer, Real, and Number
      • 13.6. Date
        • 13.6.1. Date Properties
      • 13.7. String
        • 13.7.1. String Properties
        • 13.7.2. String Elements
      • 13.8. Unicode Text
        • 13.8.1. Forming Unicode Text
        • 13.8.2. Other Text Classes
      • 13.9. File and Alias
        • 13.9.1. Alias
        • 13.9.2. Other File Classes
        • 13.9.3. File Properties
        • 13.9.4. File Classes in Applications
      • 13.10. List
        • 13.10.1. List Recursion
        • 13.10.2. Secondary List Classes
        • 13.10.3. List Properties
        • 13.10.4. List Elements
      • 13.11. Record
        • 13.11.1. Record Properties
    • 14. Coercions
      • 14.1. Implicit Coercion
      • 14.2. Explicit Coercion
        • Reference Section
          • as
        • Reference Section
          • get... as
        • 14.2.1. Coercion by AppleScript
        • 14.2.2. Coercion by a Scriptable Application
      • 14.3. Boolean Coercions
      • 14.4. Number, String, and Date Coercions
      • 14.5. File Coercions
      • 14.6. List Coercions
      • 14.7. Unit Conversions
    • 15. Operators
      • 15.1. Implicit Coercion
      • 15.2. Arithmetic Operators
        • +
        • -
        • *
        • /
        • div
        • mod
        • ^
      • 15.3. Boolean Operators
        • and
        • or
        • not
      • 15.4. Comparison Operators
        • = (is)
        • (is not)
        • <
        • >
      • 15.5. Containment Operators
        • contains, does not contain, is in, is not in
        • begins with
        • ends with
      • 15.6. Concatenation Operator
        • &
      • 15.7. Parentheses
      • 15.8. Who Performs an Operation
        • 15.8.1. Direct Operations
        • 15.8.2. Boolean Test Element Specifiers
    • 16. Global Properties
      • 16.1. Strings
        • return
        • tab
        • quote
        • space
        • text item delimiters
      • 16.2. Numbers
        • pi
        • minutes
        • hours
        • days
        • weeks
      • 16.3. Miscellaneous
        • version
    • 17. Constants
      • true , false
      • yes, no, ask
      • missing value
      • null
      • plain, bold, italic, outline, shadow, underline, superscript, subscript, strikethrough, small caps, all caps, all lowercase, condensed, expanded, hidden
      • case, diacriticals, white space, hyphens, expansion, punctuation, numeric strings
      • application responses
      • current application
      • Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
      • January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
    • 18. Commands
      • 18.1. Application Commands
        • launch
        • activate
        • reopen
        • quit
      • 18.2. Standard Commands
        • • count
      • 18.3. Logging Commands
        • log
        • stop log, start log
    • 19. Control
      • 19.1. Branching
      • 19.2. Looping
        • 19.2.1. Repeat Forever
        • 19.2.2. Repeat N Times
        • 19.2.3. Repeat While
        • 19.2.4. Repeat Until
        • 19.2.5. Repeat With
        • 19.2.6. Repeat With... In
      • 19.3. Tell
      • 19.4. Using Terms From
      • 19.5. With
        • 19.5.1. Timeout
        • 19.5.2. Transaction
      • 19.6. Considering/Ignoring
        • 19.6.1. Ignoring Application Responses
        • 19.6.2. String Considerations
      • 19.7. Errors
        • 19.7.1. Throwing an Error
        • 19.7.2. Catching an Error
      • 19.8. Second-Level Evaluation
  • III. AppleScript In Action
    • 20. Dictionaries
      • 20.1. Resolution of Terminology
        • 20.1.1. Loading the Dictionary
        • 20.1.2. Translating the Terms
          • 20.1.2.1. The innermost application dictionary
          • 20.1.2.2. Hunting for each term
      • 20.2. Terminology Clash
        • 20.2.1. Compile-time Error
        • 20.2.2. Runtime Error
        • 20.2.3. No Error, Surprising Behavior
        • 20.2.4. Detecting Terminology Clash
        • 20.2.5. No Terminology Clash
        • 20.2.6. Resolving Terminology Clash
        • 20.2.7. Clash Between Dictionaries
      • 20.3. Nonsensical Apple Events
      • 20.4. Raw Four-Letter Codes
      • 20.5. Multiple-Word Terms
      • 20.6. What's in a Dictionary
        • 20.6.1. Value Types
        • 20.6.2. Enumerations
        • 20.6.3. Classes
          • 20.6.3.1. Plurals
          • 20.6.3.2. Class inheritance
        • 20.6.4. Properties and Elements
        • 20.6.5. Records
        • 20.6.6. Events
        • 20.6.7. Suites
      • 20.7. The 'aeut ' Resource
      • 20.8. Inadequacies of the Dictionary
        • 20.8.1. Defects in the Object Model
        • 20.8.2. Defective Element Specifiers
        • 20.8.3. Properties with Eponymous Classes
        • 20.8.4. Clashes with AppleScript
        • 20.8.5. Wrong Value Types
        • 20.8.6. Wrong Parameter Details
        • 20.8.7. Make
        • 20.8.8. Selection
        • 20.8.9. Idioms for Common Tasks
        • 20.8.10. Events and Classes
        • 20.8.11. Coercions
        • 20.8.12. Bad Grammar
        • 20.8.13. Multiple Listings
        • 20.8.14. Busted Scriptability
        • 20.8.15. Bad Comments
    • 21. Scripting Additions
      • 21.1. Pros and Cons of Scripting Additions
      • 21.2. Classic Scripting Additions
      • 21.3. Loading Scripting Additions
      • 21.4. Standard Scripting Addition Commands
        • 21.4.1. Dialogs
          • display dialog
          • display alert
          • choose from list
          • choose file
          • choose folder
          • choose file name
          • choose application
          • choose URL
          • choose remote application
          • choose color
        • 21.4.2. Noises
          • beep
          • get volume settings
          • set volume
          • say
        • 21.4.3. File and Machine Information
          • system info
          • system attribute
          • path to
          • path to
          • path to resource
          • list disks
          • list folder
          • info for
        • 21.4.4. File Data
          • • open for access
            • read
            • write
            • get eof
            • set eof
            • close access
        • 21.4.5. String and Clipboard
          • ASCII character
          • ASCII number
          • offset
          • summarize
          • set the clipboard to
          • clipboard info
          • the clipboard
        • 21.4.6. Numbers and Dates
          • round
          • random number
          • current date
          • time to GMT
        • 21.4.7. Miscellaneous
          • delay
          • mount volume
          • scripting components
          • open location
    • 22. Speed
      • 22.1. Tools of the Trade
      • 22.2. Apple Events
      • 22.3. List Access
      • 22.4. Scripting Additions
      • 22.5. Context
    • 23. Scriptable Applications
      • 23.1. Targeting Scriptable Applications
        • 23.1.1. Local Applications
        • 23.1.2. Remote Applications
        • 23.1.3. XML-RPC and SOAP
      • 23.2. Some Scriptable Applications
        • 23.2.1. iApps and Utilities
        • 23.2.2. Finder
        • 23.2.3. System Events
        • 23.2.4. SpeechRecognitionServer
        • 23.2.5. URL Access Scripting
        • 23.2.6. Keychain Scripting
        • 23.2.7. Image Events
        • 23.2.8. Database Events
    • 24. Unscriptable Applications
      • 24.1. Historical Perspective
      • 24.2. Getting Started with Accessibility
      • 24.3. GUI Scripting Examples
    • 25. Unix
      • 25.1. Do Shell Script
      • 25.2. Osascript
    • 26. Triggering Scripts Automatically
      • 26.1. Digital Hub Scripting
      • 26.2. Folder Actions
      • 26.3. CGI Application
      • 26.4. Timers, Hooks, Attachability, Observability
    • 27. Writing Applications
      • 27.1. Applets
        • 27.1.1. Applet Options
        • 27.1.2. Editing an Applet
        • 27.1.3. Applet Event Handlers
        • 27.1.4. Droplets
        • 27.1.5. Persistence
        • 27.1.6. Applet Scriptability
      • 27.2. AppleScript Studio
        • 27.2.1. Cocoa and AppleScript Studio
        • 27.2.2. The Pieces of AppleScript Studio
        • 27.2.3. AppleScript Studio Example
        • 27.2.4. Automator Actions
      • 27.3. Cocoa Scripting
      • 27.4. AppleScript Studio Scriptability
  • IV. Appendixes
    • A. The AppleScript Experience
      • A.1. The Problem
      • A.2. A Day in the Life
        • A.2.1. Caught in the Web of Words
        • A.2.2. One for All and All for One
        • A.2.3. Seek and Ye Shall Find
        • A.2.4. Turning the Tables
        • A.2.5. Refiner's Fire
        • A.2.6. Naming of Parts
        • A.2.7. Practice Makes Perfect
        • A.2.8. Finder's Keepers
        • A.2.9. I've Got a Little List
      • A.3. Conclusions, Lessons, and Advice
    • B. Apple Events Without AppleScript
      • B.1. Pure Raw Apple Events
      • B.2. JavaScript
      • B.3. UserTalk
      • B.4. Perl
      • B.5. Python
    • C. Tools and Resources
      • C.1. Scripting Software and Tools
      • C.2. Scriptable Software
      • C.3. AppleScript Documentation
      • C.4. Writing a Scripting Addition
      • C.5. Writing a Scriptable Application
      • C.6. Portals, Instruction, and Repositories
      • C.7. Mailing Lists
      • C.8. Books
      • C.9. Unix Scripting
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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