CSS: The Definitive Guide. 5th Edition

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• Preface
  • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Value Syntax Conventions
  • Using Code Examples
  • OReilly Online Learning
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
    • Eric Meyer
    • Estelle Weyl
• 1. CSS Fundamentals
  • A Brief History of (Web) Style
  • Stylesheet Contents
    • Rule Structure
    • Vendor Prefixing
    • Whitespace Handling
    • CSS Comments
    • Markup
  • Elements
    • Replaced and Nonreplaced Elements
      • Replaced elements
      • Nonreplaced elements
    • Element Display Roles
      • Block-level elements
      • Inline-level elements
  • Bringing CSS and HTML Together
    • The <link> Tag
      • Attributes
      • Alternate stylesheets
    • The <style> Element
    • The @import Directive
    • HTTP Linking
    • Inline Styles
  • Summary
• 2. Selectors
  • Basic Style Rules
  • Type Selectors
  • Grouping
    • Grouping Selectors
      • The universal selector
    • Grouping Declarations
    • Grouping Everything
  • Class and ID Selectors
    • Class Selectors
    • Multiple Classes
    • ID Selectors
    • Deciding Between Class and ID
  • Attribute Selectors
    • Simple Attribute Selectors
    • Selection Based on Exact Attribute Value
    • Selection Based on Partial Attribute Values
      • Matching one word in a space-separated list
      • Matching a substring within an attribute value
      • Matching a substring at the beginning of an attribute value
      • Matching a substring at the end of an attribute value
    • The Case-Insensitivity Identifier
  • Using Document Structure
    • Understanding the Parent-Child Relationship
    • Defining Descendant Selectors
    • Selecting Children
    • Selecting Adjacent-Sibling Elements
    • Selecting Following Siblings
  • Summary
• 3. Pseudo-Class and -Element Selectors
  • Pseudo-Class Selectors
    • Combining Pseudo-Classes
    • Structural Pseudo-Classes
      • Selecting the root element
      • Selecting empty elements
      • Selecting only children
      • Using only-of-type selection
      • Selecting first children
      • Selecting last children
      • Selecting the first and last of a type
      • Selecting every nth child
      • Selecting every nth of a type
    • Location Pseudo-Classes
      • Hyperlink-specific pseudo-classes
      • Nonhyperlink location pseudo-classes
    • User Action Pseudo-Classes
      • The :focus-visible pseudo-class
      • The :focus-within pseudo-class
      • Real-world issues with dynamic styling
    • UI-State Pseudo-Classes
      • Enabled and disabled UI elements
      • Check states
      • Default-value pseudo-classes
      • Optionality pseudo-classes
      • Validity pseudo-classes
      • Range pseudo-classes
      • Mutability pseudo-classes
    • The :lang() and :dir() Pseudo-Classes
    • Logical Pseudo-Classes
      • The negation pseudo-class
      • The :is() and :where() pseudo-classes
      • Selecting defined elements
    • The :has() Pseudo-Class
    • Other Pseudo-Classes
  • Pseudo-Element Selectors
    • Styling the First Letter
    • Styling the First Line
    • Restrictions on ::first-letter and ::first-line
    • The Placeholder Text Pseudo-Element
    • The Form Button Pseudo-Element
    • Generating Content Before and After Elements
    • Highlight Pseudo-Elements
    • The Backdrop Pseudo-Element
    • The Video-Cue Pseudo-Element
  • Shadow Pseudo-Classes and -Elements
    • Shadow Pseudo-Classes
    • Shadow Pseudo-Elements
  • Summary
• 4. Specificity, Inheritance, and the Cascade
  • Specificity
    • Declarations and Specificity
    • Resolving Multiple Matches
    • Zeroed Selector Specificity
    • ID and Attribute Selector Specificity
    • Importance
  • Inheritance
  • The Cascade
    • Sorting by Importance and Origin
    • Sorting by Element Attachment
    • Sorting by Cascade Layer
    • Sorting by Specificity
    • Sorting by Order
    • Working with Non-CSS Presentational Hints
  • Summary
• 5. Values and Units
  • Keywords, Strings, and Other Text Values
    • Keywords
      • Global keywords
        • inherit
        • initial
        • unset
        • revert
        • revert-layer
    • The all Property
    • Strings
    • Identifiers
    • URLs
    • Images
  • Numbers and Percentages
    • Integers
    • Numbers
    • Percentages
    • Fractions
  • Distances
    • Absolute Length Units
      • Pixel lengths
      • Pixel theory
    • Resolution Units
    • Relative Length Units
      • The em unit
      • The ex unit
      • The ch unit
      • Other relative length units
    • Root-Relative Length Units
      • The rem unit
      • Other root-relative units
  • Viewport-Relative Units
  • Function Values
    • Calculation Values
    • Maximum Values
    • Minimum Values
    • Clamping Values
    • Attribute Values
  • Color
    • Named Colors
    • Color Keywords
    • Colors by RGB and RGBa
      • Functional RGB colors
      • RGBa colors
      • Hexadecimal RGB colors
      • Hexadecimal RGBa colors
    • HSL and HSLa Colors
    • Colors with HWB
    • Lab Colors
    • LCH Colors
    • Oklab and Oklch
    • Using color()
    • Applying Color
    • Affecting Form Elements
    • Inheriting Color
  • Angles
  • Time and Frequency
  • Ratios
  • Position
  • Custom Properties
    • Custom Property Fallbacks
  • Summary
• 6. Basic Visual Formatting
  • Basic Boxes
    • A Quick Primer
    • The Containing Block
  • Altering Element Display
    • Changing Roles
    • Handling Block Boxes
  • Logical Element Sizing
    • Content-Based Sizing Values
    • Minimum and Maximum Logical Sizing
    • Height and Width
  • Altering Box Sizing
  • Block-Axis Properties
    • Auto Block Sizing
    • Percentage Heights
    • Handling Content Overflow
      • Single-axis overflow
    • Negative Margins and Collapsing
    • Collapsing Block-Axis Margins
  • Inline-Axis Formatting
    • Inline-Axis Properties
    • Using auto
      • Only one auto
      • More than one auto
      • Too many autos
    • Negative Margins
    • Percentages
    • Replaced Elements
    • List Items
  • Box Sizing with Aspect Ratios
  • Inline Formatting
    • Line Layout
    • Basic Terms and Concepts
    • Line Heights
    • Inline Nonreplaced Elements
    • Building the Boxes
    • Setting Vertical Alignment
    • Managing the Line Height
      • Understanding baselines and line heights
      • Scaling line heights
    • Adding Box Properties to Nonreplaced Elements
    • Changing Breaking Behavior
    • Glyphs Versus Content Area
    • Inline Replaced Elements
    • Adding Box Properties to Replaced Elements
    • Replaced Elements and the Baseline
    • Inline-Block Elements
    • Flow Display
    • Content Display
    • Other Display Values
  • Element Visibility
    • Animating Visibility
  • Summary
• 7. Padding, Borders, Outlines, and Margins
  • Basic Element Boxes
  • Padding
    • Replicating Values
    • Single-Side Padding
    • Logical Padding
    • Percentage Values and Padding
    • Padding and Inline Elements
    • Padding and Replaced Elements
  • Borders
    • Borders with Style
      • Multiple styles
      • Single-side styles
      • Logical styles
    • Border Widths
      • Logical border widths
      • No border at all
    • Border Colors
      • Logical border colors
      • Transparent borders
    • Single-Side Shorthand Border Properties
    • Global Borders
    • Borders and Inline Elements
    • Rounding Border Corners
      • Rounded corner clamping
      • More complex corner shaping
      • Corner blending
      • Individual rounding properties
    • Image Borders
      • Loading and slicing a border image
      • Altering the image widths
      • Creating a border overhang
      • Altering the repeat pattern
      • Shorthand border image
      • Some examples
  • Outlines
    • Outline Styles
    • Outline Width
    • Outline Color
      • The only outline shorthand
    • How They Are Different
  • Margins
    • Length Values and Margins
    • Percentages and Margins
    • Single-Side Margin Properties
    • Margin Collapsing
    • Negative Margins
    • Margins and Inline Elements
  • Summary
• 8. Backgrounds
  • Setting Background Colors
    • Explicitly Setting a Transparent Background
    • Background and Color Combinations
  • Clipping the Background
  • Working with Background Images
    • Using an Image
    • Understanding Why Backgrounds Arent Inherited
    • Following Good Background Practices
    • Positioning Background Images
      • Keywords
      • Percentage values
      • Length values
      • Negative values
      • Changing the offset edges
      • Changing the positioning box
    • Background Repeating (or Lack Thereof)
      • Positioning images that repeat
      • Spacing and rounding repeat patterns
      • Tiling and clipping repeated backgrounds
    • Getting Attached
      • Useful side effects of attached backgrounds
    • Sizing Background Images
      • Maintaining the background images aspect ratio
      • Covering and containing
    • Bringing It All Together
    • Working with Multiple Backgrounds
    • Using the Background Shorthand
  • Creating Box Shadows
  • Summary
• 9. Gradients
  • Linear Gradients
    • Setting Gradient Colors
    • Positioning Color Stops
    • Setting Color Hints
    • Understanding Gradient Lines: The Gory Details
    • Repeating Linear Gradients
  • Radial Gradients
    • Setting Shape and Size
    • Positioning Radial Gradients
    • Using Radial Color Stops and the Gradient Ray
    • Handling Degenerate Cases
    • Repeating Radial Gradients
  • Conic Gradients
  • Creating Conic Color Stops
    • Repeating Conic Gradients
  • Manipulating Gradient Images
    • Creating Special Effects
    • Triggering Average Gradient Colors
  • Summary
• 10. Floating and Positioning
  • Floating
    • Floated Elements
      • No floating at all
    • Floating: The Details
    • Applied Behavior
      • Negative margins
    • Floats, Content, and Overlapping
  • Clearing
  • Positioning
    • Types of Positioning
    • The Containing Block
    • Offset Properties
    • Inset Shorthands
    • Setting Width and Height
    • Limiting Width and Height
  • Absolute Positioning
    • Containing Blocks and Absolutely Positioned Elements
    • Placement and Sizing of Absolutely Positioned Elements
    • Auto-edges
    • Placing and Sizing Nonreplaced Elements
    • Placing and Sizing Replaced Elements
    • Placement on the Z-Axis
  • Fixed Positioning
  • Relative Positioning
  • Sticky Positioning
  • Summary
• 11. Flexible Box Layout
  • Flexbox Fundamentals
    • A Simple Example
  • Flex Containers
    • Using the flex-direction Property
    • Working with Other Writing Directions
    • Wrapping Flex Lines
    • Defining Flexible Flows
    • Understanding Axes
  • Arrangement of Flex Items
  • Flex Item Alignment
    • Justifying Content
      • Justifying and overflow
      • justify-content example
    • Aligning Items
      • Flex item margins and alignment
      • Baseline alignment
      • Safe and unsafe alignment
      • The align-self property
    • Aligning Flex Lines
    • Using the place-content Property
  • Opening Gaps Between Flex Items
  • Flex Items
    • What Are Flex Items?
    • Flex Item Features
    • Absolute Positioning
    • Minimum Widths
  • Flex-Item-Specific Properties
    • The flex Property
    • The flex-grow Property
    • Growth Factors and the flex Property
    • The flex-shrink Property
      • Proportional shrinkage based on width and shrink factor
      • Differing basis values
      • Responsive flexing
    • The flex-basis Property
      • The content keywords
      • Automatic flex basis
      • Default values
      • Length units
      • Percentage units
      • Zero basis
    • The flex Shorthand
      • Flexing with initial
      • Flexing with auto
      • Preventing flexing with none
      • Numeric flexing
  • The order Property
    • Tabbed Navigation Revisited
  • Summary
• 12. Grid Layout
  • Creating a Grid Container
  • Understanding Basic Grid Terminology
  • Creating Grid Lines
    • Using Fixed-Width Grid Tracks
    • Using Flexible Grid Tracks
      • Fractional units
      • Content-aware tracks
    • Fitting Track Contents
    • Repeating Grid Tracks
      • Autofilling tracks
    • Defining Grid Areas
  • Placing Elements in the Grid
    • Using Column and Row Lines
    • Using Row and Column Shorthands
    • Working with Implicit Grid
    • Handling Errors
    • Using Areas
    • Understanding Grid-Item Overlap
  • Specifying Grid Flow
  • Defining Automatic Grid Tracks
  • Using the grid Shorthand
  • Using Subgrids
    • Defining Explicit Tracks
    • Dealing with Offsets
    • Naming Subgridded Lines
    • Giving Subgrids Their Own Gaps
  • Grid Items and the Box Model
  • Setting Alignment in Grids
    • Aligning and Justifying Individual Items
    • Aligning and Justifying All Items
    • Distributing Grid Items and Tracks
  • Layering and Ordering
  • Summary
• 13. Table Layout in CSS
  • Table Formatting
    • Visually Arranging a Table
    • Table Arrangement Rules
    • Setting Table Display Values
      • Row primacy
      • Columns
    • Inserting Anonymous Table Objects
    • Working with Table Layers
    • Using Captions
  • Table Cell Borders
    • Separated Cell Borders
      • Applying border spacing
      • Handling empty cells
    • Collapsed Cell Borders
      • Collapsing border layout
      • Border collapsing
  • Table Sizing
    • Width
      • Fixed layout
      • Automatic layout
    • Height
    • Alignment
  • Summary
• 14. Fonts
  • Font Families
    • Using Generic Font Families
    • Using Quotation Marks
  • Using Custom Fonts
    • Using Font-Face Descriptors
    • Restricting Character Range
    • Working with Font Display
    • Combining Descriptors
  • Font Weights
    • How Weights Work
    • The font-weight Descriptor
  • Font Size
    • Using Absolute Sizes
    • Using Relative Sizes
    • Setting Sizes as Percentages
    • Automatically Adjusting Size
  • Font Style
    • The font-style Descriptor
  • Font Stretching
    • The font-stretch Descriptor
  • Font Synthesis
  • Font Variants
    • Capital Font Variants
    • Numeric Font Variants
    • Ligature Variants
    • Alternate Variants
    • East Asian Font Variants
    • Font Variant Position
  • Font Feature Settings
    • The font-feature-settings Descriptor
  • Font Variation Settings
  • Font Optical Sizing
  • Override Descriptors
  • Font Kerning
  • The font Property
    • Understanding font Property Limitations
    • Adding the Line Height
    • Using the Shorthand Properly
    • Using System Fonts
  • Font Matching
  • Summary
• 15. Text Properties
  • Indentation and Inline Alignment
    • Indenting Text
    • Aligning Text
      • Start and end alignment
      • Justified text
      • Parent matching
    • Aligning the Last Line
    • Word Spacing
    • Letter Spacing
    • Spacing and Alignment
  • Vertical Alignment
    • Adjusting the Height of Lines
      • Constructing a line
      • Assigning values to line-height
      • Understanding line-height and inheritance
    • Vertically Aligning Text
      • Baseline alignment
      • Superscripting and subscripting
      • Top and bottom alignment
      • Middle alignment
      • Percentages
      • Length alignment
  • Text Transformation
  • Text Decoration
    • Setting Text Decoration Line Placement
    • Setting Text Decoration Color
    • Setting Text Decoration Thickness
    • Setting Text Decoration Style
    • Using the Text Decoration Shorthand Property
    • Offsetting Underlines
    • Skipping Ink
    • Understanding Weird Decorations
  • Text Rendering
  • Text Shadows
  • Text Emphasis
    • Setting Emphasis Style
    • Changing Emphasis Color
    • Placing Emphasis Marks
    • Using the text-emphasis Shorthand
    • Setting Text Drawing Order
  • Whitespace
    • Setting Tab Sizes
  • Wrapping and Hyphenation
    • Hyphenation
    • Word Breaking
    • Line Breaking
    • Wrapping Text
  • Writing Modes
    • Setting Writing Modes
    • Changing Text Orientation
    • Combining Characters
    • Declaring Direction
  • Summary
• 16. Lists and Generated Content
  • Working with Lists
    • Types of Lists
      • String markers
    • List-Item Images
    • List-Marker Positions
    • List Styles in Shorthand
    • List Layout
    • The ::marker Pseudo-Element
  • Creating Generated Content
    • Inserting Generated Content
    • Specifying Content
      • Inserting attribute values
      • Using generated quotes
    • Defining Counters
      • Resetting and incrementing
      • Displaying counters
      • Counters and scope
  • Defining Counting Patterns
    • Fixed Counting Patterns
    • Cyclic Counting Patterns
    • Symbolic Counting Patterns
    • Alphabetic Counting Patterns
    • Numeric Counting Patterns
    • Additive Counting Patterns
    • Extending Counting Patterns
    • Speaking Counting Patterns
  • Summary
• 17. Transforms
  • Coordinate Systems
  • Transforming
  • The Transform Functions
    • Translation
      • The translate property
    • Scaling
      • The scale property
    • Element Rotation
      • The rotate property
    • Individual Transform Property Order
    • Skewing
    • Matrix Functions
      • A note on end-state equivalence
    • Setting Element Perspective
  • More Transform Properties
    • Moving the Transforms Origin
    • Choosing the Transforms Box
    • Choosing a 3D Style
    • Changing Perspective
      • Defining a group perspective
      • Moving the perspectives origin
    • Dealing with Backfaces
  • Summary
• 18. Transitions
  • CSS Transitions
  • Transition Properties
    • Limiting Transition Effects by Property
      • Suppressing transitions via property limits
      • Transition events
    • Setting Transition Duration
    • Altering the Internal Timing of Transitions
      • Cubic Bézier timing
      • Step timing
    • Delaying Transitions
      • Negative delay values
    • Using the transition Shorthand
    • Reversing Interrupted Transitions
  • Animatable Properties and Values
    • How Property Values Are Interpolated
    • Interpolating Repeating Values
  • Printing Transitions
  • Summary
• 19. Animation
  • Accommodating Seizure and Vestibular Disorders
  • Defining Keyframes
  • Setting Up Keyframe Animations
  • Defining Keyframe Selectors
    • Omitting from and to Values
    • Repeating Keyframe Properties
    • Animatable Properties
    • Using Nonanimatable Properties That Arent Ignored
    • Scripting @keyframes Animations
  • Animating Elements
    • Invoking a Named Animation
    • Defining Animation Lengths
    • Declaring Animation Iterations
    • Setting an Animation Direction
    • Delaying Animations
    • Exploring Animation Events
      • Animation chaining
      • Animation iteration delay
    • Changing the Internal Timing of Animations
      • Using step timing functions
      • Animating the timing function
    • Setting the Animation Play State
    • Animation Fill Modes
  • Bringing It All Together
  • Animation, Specificity, and Precedence Order
    • Specificity and !important
    • Animation Iteration and display: none;
    • Animation and the UI Thread
  • Using the will-change Property
  • Printing Animations
  • Summary
• 20. Filters, Blending, Clipping, and Masking
  • CSS Filters
    • Basic Filters
    • Color Filtering
    • Brightness, Contrast, and Saturation
    • SVG Filters
  • Compositing and Blending
    • Blending Elements
      • Darken, lighten, difference, and exclusion
      • Multiply, screen, and overlay
      • Hard and soft light
      • Color dodge and burn
      • Hue, saturation, luminosity, and color
    • Blending Backgrounds
    • Blending in Isolation
  • Containing Elements
  • Float Shapes
    • Shaping with Image Transparency
    • Using Inset Shapes
      • Circles and ellipses
      • Polygons
    • Adding a Shape Margin
  • Clipping and Masking
    • Clipping
    • Clip Shapes
    • Clip Boxes
    • Clipping with SVG Paths
  • Masks
    • Defining a Mask
    • Changing the Masks Mode
    • Sizing and Repeating Masks
    • Positioning Masks
    • Clipping and Compositing Masks
    • Bringing It All Together
    • Setting Mask Types
    • Border-Image Masking
  • Object Fitting and Positioning
  • Summary
• 21. CSS At-Rules
  • Media Queries
    • Basic Media Queries
    • Complex Media Queries
    • Special Value Types
    • Keyword Media Features
    • Forced Colors, Contrast, and Display Mode
    • Ranged Media Features
    • Deprecated Media Features
    • Responsive Styling
  • Paged Media
    • Print Styles
    • Differences Between Screen and Print
    • Page Size
    • Page Margins and Padding
    • Named Page Types
    • Page Breaking
    • Orphans and Widows
    • Page-Breaking Behavior
    • Repeated Elements
    • Elements Outside the Page
  • Container Queries
    • Defining Container Types
    • Defining Container Names
    • Using Container Shorthand
    • Using Container At-Rules
    • Defining Container Query Features
    • Setting Container Length Units
  • Feature Queries (@supports)
  • Other At-Rules
    • Defining a Character Set for a Stylesheet
    • Defining a Namespace for Selectors
  • Summary
• A. Additional Resources
• Index

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