HTTP: The Definitive Guide. The Definitive Guide

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• HTTP: The Definitive Guide
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  • Preface
    • Running Example: Joes Hardware Store
    • Chapter-by-Chapter Guide
    • Typographic Conventions
    • Comments and Questions
    • Acknowledgments
  • I. HTTP: The Web's Foundation
    • 1. Overview of HTTP
      • 1.1. HTTP: The Internet's Multimedia Courier
      • 1.2. Web Clients and Servers
      • 1.3. Resources
        • 1.3.1. Media Types
        • 1.3.2. URIs
        • 1.3.3. URLs
        • 1.3.4. URNs
      • 1.4. Transactions
        • 1.4.1. Methods
        • 1.4.2. Status Codes
        • 1.4.3. Web Pages Can Consist of Multiple Objects
      • 1.5. Messages
        • 1.5.1. Simple Message Example
      • 1.6. Connections
        • 1.6.1. TCP/IP
        • 1.6.2. Connections, IP Addresses, and Port Numbers
        • 1.6.3. A Real Example Using Telnet
      • 1.7. Protocol Versions
      • 1.8. Architectural Components of the Web
        • 1.8.1. Proxies
        • 1.8.2. Caches
        • 1.8.3. Gateways
        • 1.8.4. Tunnels
        • 1.8.5. Agents
      • 1.9. The End of the Beginning
      • 1.10. For More Information
        • 1.10.1. HTTP Protocol Information
        • 1.10.2. Historical Perspective
        • 1.10.3. Other World Wide Web Information
    • 2. URLs and Resources
      • 2.1. Navigating the Internet's Resources
        • 2.1.1. The Dark Days Before URLs
      • 2.2. URL Syntax
        • 2.2.1. Schemes: What Protocol to Use
        • 2.2.2. Hosts and Ports
        • 2.2.3. Usernames and Passwords
        • 2.2.4. Paths
        • 2.2.5. Parameters
        • 2.2.6. Query Strings
        • 2.2.7. Fragments
      • 2.3. URL Shortcuts
        • 2.3.1. Relative URLs
          • 2.3.1.1. Base URLs
          • 2.3.1.2. Resolving relative references
        • 2.3.2. Expandomatic URLs
      • 2.4. Shady Characters
        • 2.4.1. The URL Character Set
        • 2.4.2. Encoding Mechanisms
        • 2.4.3. Character Restrictions
        • 2.4.4. A Bit More
      • 2.5. A Sea of Schemes
      • 2.6. The Future
        • 2.6.1. If Not Now, When?
      • 2.7. For More Information
    • 3. HTTP Messages
      • 3.1. The Flow of Messages
        • 3.1.1. Messages Commute Inbound to the Origin Server
        • 3.1.2. Messages Flow Downstream
      • 3.2. The Parts of a Message
        • 3.2.1. Message Syntax
        • 3.2.2. Start Lines
          • 3.2.2.1. Request line
          • 3.2.2.2. Response line
          • 3.2.2.3. Methods
          • 3.2.2.4. Status codes
          • 3.2.2.5. Reason phrases
          • 3.2.2.6. Version numbers
        • 3.2.3. Headers
          • 3.2.3.1. Header classifications
          • 3.2.3.2. Header continuation lines
        • 3.2.4. Entity Bodies
        • 3.2.5. Version 0.9 Messages
      • 3.3. Methods
        • 3.3.1. Safe Methods
        • 3.3.2. GET
        • 3.3.3. HEAD
        • 3.3.4. PUT
        • 3.3.5. POST
        • 3.3.6. TRACE
        • 3.3.7. OPTIONS
        • 3.3.8. DELETE
        • 3.3.9. Extension Methods
      • 3.4. Status Codes
        • 3.4.1. 100-199: Informational Status Codes
          • 3.4.1.1. Clients and 100 Continue
          • 3.4.1.2. Servers and 100 Continue
          • 3.4.1.3. Proxies and 100 Continue
        • 3.4.2. 200-299: Success Status Codes
        • 3.4.3. 300-399: Redirection Status Codes
        • 3.4.4. 400-499: Client Error Status Codes
        • 3.4.5. 500-599: Server Error Status Codes
      • 3.5. Headers
        • 3.5.1. General Headers
          • 3.5.1.1. General caching headers
        • 3.5.2. Request Headers
          • 3.5.2.1. Accept headers
          • 3.5.2.2. Conditional request headers
          • 3.5.2.3. Request security headers
          • 3.5.2.4. Proxy request headers
        • 3.5.3. Response Headers
          • 3.5.3.1. Negotiation headers
          • 3.5.3.2. Response security headers
        • 3.5.4. Entity Headers
          • 3.5.4.1. Content headers
          • 3.5.4.2. Entity caching headers
      • 3.6. For More Information
    • 4. Connection Management
      • 4.1. TCP Connections
        • 4.1.1. TCP Reliable Data Pipes
        • 4.1.2. TCP Streams Are Segmented and Shipped by IP Packets
        • 4.1.3. Keeping TCP Connections Straight
        • 4.1.4. Programming with TCP Sockets
      • 4.2. TCP Performance Considerations
        • 4.2.1. HTTP Transaction Delays
        • 4.2.2. Performance Focus Areas
        • 4.2.3. TCP Connection Handshake Delays
        • 4.2.4. Delayed Acknowledgments
        • 4.2.5. TCP Slow Start
        • 4.2.6. Nagle's Algorithm and TCP_NODELAY
        • 4.2.7. TIME_WAIT Accumulation and Port Exhaustion
      • 4.3. HTTP Connection Handling
        • 4.3.1. The Oft-Misunderstood Connection Header
        • 4.3.2. Serial Transaction Delays
      • 4.4. Parallel Connections
        • 4.4.1. Parallel Connections May Make Pages Load Faster
        • 4.4.2. Parallel Connections Are Not Always Faster
        • 4.4.3. Parallel Connections May "Feel" Faster
      • 4.5. Persistent Connections
        • 4.5.1. Persistent Versus Parallel Connections
        • 4.5.2. HTTP/1.0+ Keep-Alive Connections
        • 4.5.3. Keep-Alive Operation
        • 4.5.4. Keep-Alive Options
        • 4.5.5. Keep-Alive Connection Restrictions and Rules
        • 4.5.6. Keep-Alive and Dumb Proxies
          • 4.5.6.1. The Connection header and blind relays
          • 4.5.6.2. Proxies and hop-by-hop headers
        • 4.5.7. The Proxy-Connection Hack
        • 4.5.8. HTTP/1.1 Persistent Connections
        • 4.5.9. Persistent Connection Restrictions and Rules
      • 4.6. Pipelined Connections
      • 4.7. The Mysteries of Connection Close
        • 4.7.1. "At Will" Disconnection
        • 4.7.2. Content-Length and Truncation
        • 4.7.3. Connection Close Tolerance, Retries, and Idempotency
        • 4.7.4. Graceful Connection Close
          • 4.7.4.1. Full and half closes
          • 4.7.4.2. TCP close and reset errors
          • 4.7.4.3. Graceful close
      • 4.8. For More Information
        • 4.8.1. HTTP Connections
        • 4.8.2. HTTP Performance Issues
        • 4.8.3. TCP/IP
  • II. HTTP Architecture
    • 5. Web Servers
      • 5.1. Web Servers Come in All Shapes and Sizes
        • 5.1.1. Web Server Implementations
        • 5.1.2. General-Purpose Software Web Servers
        • 5.1.3. Web Server Appliances
        • 5.1.4. Embedded Web Servers
      • 5.2. A Minimal Perl Web Server
      • 5.3. What Real Web Servers Do
      • 5.4. Step 1: Accepting Client Connections
        • 5.4.1. Handling New Connections
        • 5.4.2. Client Hostname Identification
        • 5.4.3. Determining the Client User Through ident
      • 5.5. Step 2: Receiving Request Messages
        • 5.5.1. Internal Representations of Messages
        • 5.5.2. Connection Input/Output Processing Architectures
      • 5.6. Step 3: Processing Requests
      • 5.7. Step 4: Mapping and Accessing Resources
        • 5.7.1. Docroots
          • 5.7.1.1. Virtually hosted docroots
          • 5.7.1.2. User home directory docroots
        • 5.7.2. Directory Listings
        • 5.7.3. Dynamic Content Resource Mapping
        • 5.7.4. Server-Side Includes (SSI)
        • 5.7.5. Access Controls
      • 5.8. Step 5: Building Responses
        • 5.8.1. Response Entities
        • 5.8.2. MIME Typing
        • 5.8.3. Redirection
      • 5.9. Step 6: Sending Responses
      • 5.10. Step 7: Logging
      • 5.11. For More Information
    • 6. Proxies
      • 6.1. Web Intermediaries
        • 6.1.1. Private and Shared Proxies
        • 6.1.2. Proxies Versus Gateways
      • 6.2. Why Use Proxies?
      • 6.3. Where Do Proxies Go?
        • 6.3.1. Proxy Server Deployment
        • 6.3.2. Proxy Hierarchies
          • 6.3.2.1. Proxy hierarchy content routing
        • 6.3.3. How Proxies Get Traffic
      • 6.4. Client Proxy Settings
        • 6.4.1. Client Proxy Configuration: Manual
        • 6.4.2. Client Proxy Configuration: PAC Files
        • 6.4.3. Client Proxy Configuration: WPAD
      • 6.5. Tricky Things About Proxy Requests
        • 6.5.1. Proxy URIs Differ from Server URIs
        • 6.5.2. The Same Problem with Virtual Hosting
        • 6.5.3. Intercepting Proxies Get Partial URIs
        • 6.5.4. Proxies Can Handle Both Proxy and Server Requests
        • 6.5.5. In-Flight URI Modification
        • 6.5.6. URI Client Auto-Expansion and Hostname Resolution
        • 6.5.7. URI Resolution Without a Proxy
        • 6.5.8. URI Resolution with an Explicit Proxy
        • 6.5.9. URI Resolution with an Intercepting Proxy
      • 6.6. Tracing Messages
        • 6.6.1. The Via Header
          • 6.6.1.1. Via syntax
          • 6.6.1.2. Via request and response paths
          • 6.6.1.3. Via and gateways
          • 6.6.1.4. The Server and Via headers
          • 6.6.1.5. Privacy and security implications of Via
        • 6.6.2. The TRACE Method
          • 6.6.2.1. Max-Forwards
      • 6.7. Proxy Authentication
      • 6.8. Proxy Interoperation
        • 6.8.1. Handling Unsupported Headers and Methods
        • 6.8.2. OPTIONS: Discovering Optional Feature Support
        • 6.8.3. The Allow Header
      • 6.9. For More Information
    • 7. Caching
      • 7.1. Redundant Data Transfers
      • 7.2. Bandwidth Bottlenecks
      • 7.3. Flash Crowds
      • 7.4. Distance Delays
      • 7.5. Hits and Misses
        • 7.5.1. Revalidations
        • 7.5.2. Hit Rate
        • 7.5.3. Byte Hit Rate
        • 7.5.4. Distinguishing Hits and Misses
      • 7.6. Cache Topologies
        • 7.6.1. Private Caches
        • 7.6.2. Public Proxy Caches
        • 7.6.3. Proxy Cache Hierarchies
        • 7.6.4. Cache Meshes, Content Routing, and Peering
      • 7.7. Cache Processing Steps
        • 7.7.1. Step 1: Receiving
        • 7.7.2. Step 2: Parsing
        • 7.7.3. Step 3: Lookup
        • 7.7.4. Step 4: Freshness Check
        • 7.7.5. Step 5: Response Creation
        • 7.7.6. Step 6: Sending
        • 7.7.7. Step 7: Logging
        • 7.7.8. Cache Processing Flowchart
      • 7.8. Keeping Copies Fresh
        • 7.8.1. Document Expiration
        • 7.8.2. Expiration Dates and Ages
        • 7.8.3. Server Revalidation
        • 7.8.4. Revalidation with Conditional Methods
        • 7.8.5. If-Modified-Since: Date Revalidation
        • 7.8.6. If-None-Match: Entity Tag Revalidation
        • 7.8.7. Weak and Strong Validators
        • 7.8.8. When to Use Entity Tags and Last-Modified Dates
      • 7.9. Controlling Cachability
        • 7.9.1. No-Cache and No-Store Headers
        • 7.9.2. Max-Age Response Headers
        • 7.9.3. Expires Response Headers
        • 7.9.4. Must-Revalidate Response Headers
        • 7.9.5. Heuristic Expiration
        • 7.9.6. Client Freshness Constraints
        • 7.9.7. Cautions
      • 7.10. Setting Cache Controls
        • 7.10.1. Controlling HTTP Headers with Apache
        • 7.10.2. Controlling HTML Caching Through HTTP-EQUIV
      • 7.11. Detailed Algorithms
        • 7.11.1. Age and Freshness Lifetime
        • 7.11.2. Age Computation
          • 7.11.2.1. Apparent age is based on the Date header
          • 7.11.2.2. Hop-by-hop age calculations
          • 7.11.2.3. Compensating for network delays
        • 7.11.3. Complete Age-Calculation Algorithm
        • 7.11.4. Freshness Lifetime Computation
        • 7.11.5. Complete Server-Freshness Algorithm
      • 7.12. Caches and Advertising
        • 7.12.1. The Advertiser's Dilemma
        • 7.12.2. The Publisher's Response
        • 7.12.3. Log Migration
        • 7.12.4. Hit Metering and Usage Limiting
      • 7.13. For More Information
    • 8. Integration Points: Gateways, Tunnels, and Relays
      • 8.1. Gateways
        • 8.1.1. Client-Side and Server-Side Gateways
      • 8.2. Protocol Gateways
        • 8.2.1. HTTP/*: Server-Side Web Gateways
        • 8.2.2. HTTP/HTTPS: Server-Side Security Gateways
        • 8.2.3. HTTPS/HTTP: Client-Side Security Accelerator Gateways
      • 8.3. Resource Gateways
        • 8.3.1. Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
        • 8.3.2. Server Extension APIs
      • 8.4. Application Interfaces and Web Services
      • 8.5. Tunnels
        • 8.5.1. Establishing HTTP Tunnels with CONNECT
          • 8.5.1.1. CONNECT requests
          • 8.5.1.2. CONNECT responses
        • 8.5.2. Data Tunneling, Timing, and Connection Management
        • 8.5.3. SSL Tunneling
        • 8.5.4. SSL Tunneling Versus HTTP/HTTPS Gateways
        • 8.5.5. Tunnel Authentication
        • 8.5.6. Tunnel Security Considerations
      • 8.6. Relays
      • 8.7. For More Information
    • 9. Web Robots
      • 9.1. Crawlers and Crawling
        • 9.1.1. Where to Start: The "Root Set"
        • 9.1.2. Extracting Links and Normalizing Relative Links
        • 9.1.3. Cycle Avoidance
        • 9.1.4. Loops and Dups
        • 9.1.5. Trails of Breadcrumbs
        • 9.1.6. Aliases and Robot Cycles
        • 9.1.7. Canonicalizing URLs
        • 9.1.8. Filesystem Link Cycles
        • 9.1.9. Dynamic Virtual Web Spaces
        • 9.1.10. Avoiding Loops and Dups
      • 9.2. Robotic HTTP
        • 9.2.1. Identifying Request Headers
        • 9.2.2. Virtual Hosting
        • 9.2.3. Conditional Requests
        • 9.2.4. Response Handling
          • 9.2.4.1. Status codes
          • 9.2.4.2. Entities
        • 9.2.5. User-Agent Targeting
      • 9.3. Misbehaving Robots
      • 9.4. Excluding Robots
        • 9.4.1. The Robots Exclusion Standard
        • 9.4.2. Web Sites and robots.txt Files
          • 9.4.2.1. Fetching robots.txt
          • 9.4.2.2. Response codes
        • 9.4.3. robots.txt File Format
          • 9.4.3.1. The User-Agent line
          • 9.4.3.2. The Disallow and Allow lines
          • 9.4.3.3. Disallow/Allow prefix matching
        • 9.4.4. Other robots.txt Wisdom
        • 9.4.5. Caching and Expiration of robots.txt
        • 9.4.6. Robot Exclusion Perl Code
        • 9.4.7. HTML Robot-Control META Tags
          • 9.4.7.1. Robot META directives
          • 9.4.7.2. Search engine META tags
      • 9.5. Robot Etiquette
      • 9.6. Search Engines
        • 9.6.1. Think Big
        • 9.6.2. Modern Search Engine Architecture
        • 9.6.3. Full-Text Index
        • 9.6.4. Posting the Query
        • 9.6.5. Sorting and Presenting the Results
        • 9.6.6. Spoofing
      • 9.7. For More Information
    • 10. HTTP-NG
      • 10.1. HTTP's Growing Pains
      • 10.2. HTTP-NG Activity
      • 10.3. Modularize and Enhance
      • 10.4. Distributed Objects
      • 10.5. Layer 1: Messaging
      • 10.6. Layer 2: Remote Invocation
      • 10.7. Layer 3: Web Application
      • 10.8. WebMUX
      • 10.9. Binary Wire Protocol
      • 10.10. Current Status
      • 10.11. For More Information
  • III. Identification, Authorization, and Security
    • 11. Client Identification and Cookies
      • 11.1. The Personal Touch
      • 11.2. HTTP Headers
      • 11.3. Client IP Address
      • 11.4. User Login
      • 11.5. Fat URLs
      • 11.6. Cookies
        • 11.6.1. Types of Cookies
        • 11.6.2. How Cookies Work
        • 11.6.3. Cookie Jar: Client-Side State
          • 11.6.3.1. Netscape Navigator cookies
          • 11.6.3.2. Microsoft Internet Explorer cookies
        • 11.6.4. Different Cookies for Different Sites
          • 11.6.4.1. Cookie Domain attribute
          • 11.6.4.2. Cookie Path attribute
        • 11.6.5. Cookie Ingredients
        • 11.6.6. Version 0 (Netscape) Cookies
          • 11.6.6.1. Version 0 Set-Cookie header
          • 11.6.6.2. Version 0 Cookie header
        • 11.6.7. Version 1 (RFC 2965) Cookies
          • 11.6.7.1. Version 1 Set-Cookie2 header
          • 11.6.7.2. Version 1 Cookie header
          • 11.6.7.3. Version 1 Cookie2 header and version negotiation
        • 11.6.8. Cookies and Session Tracking
        • 11.6.9. Cookies and Caching
        • 11.6.10. Cookies, Security, and Privacy
      • 11.7. For More Information
    • 12. Basic Authentication
      • 12.1. Authentication
        • 12.1.1. HTTP's Challenge/Response Authentication Framework
        • 12.1.2. Authentication Protocols and Headers
        • 12.1.3. Security Realms
      • 12.2. Basic Authentication
        • 12.2.1. Basic Authentication Example
        • 12.2.2. Base-64 Username/Password Encoding
        • 12.2.3. Proxy Authentication
      • 12.3. The Security Flaws of Basic Authentication
      • 12.4. For More Information
    • 13. Digest Authentication
      • 13.1. The Improvements of Digest Authentication
        • 13.1.1. Using Digests to Keep Passwords Secret
        • 13.1.2. One-Way Digests
        • 13.1.3. Using Nonces to Prevent Replays
        • 13.1.4. The Digest Authentication Handshake
      • 13.2. Digest Calculations
        • 13.2.1. Digest Algorithm Input Data
        • 13.2.2. The Algorithms H(d) and KD(s,d)
        • 13.2.3. The Security-Related Data (A1)
        • 13.2.4. The Message-Related Data (A2)
        • 13.2.5. Overall Digest Algorithm
        • 13.2.6. Digest Authentication Session
        • 13.2.7. Preemptive Authorization
          • 13.2.7.1. Next nonce pregeneration
          • 13.2.7.2. Limited nonce reuse
          • 13.2.7.3. Synchronized nonce generation
        • 13.2.8. Nonce Selection
        • 13.2.9. Symmetric Authentication
      • 13.3. Quality of Protection Enhancements
        • 13.3.1. Message Integrity Protection
        • 13.3.2. Digest Authentication Headers
      • 13.4. Practical Considerations
        • 13.4.1. Multiple Challenges
        • 13.4.2. Error Handling
        • 13.4.3. Protection Spaces
        • 13.4.4. Rewriting URIs
        • 13.4.5. Caches
      • 13.5. Security Considerations
        • 13.5.1. Header Tampering
        • 13.5.2. Replay Attacks
        • 13.5.3. Multiple Authentication Mechanisms
        • 13.5.4. Dictionary Attacks
        • 13.5.5. Hostile Proxies and Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
        • 13.5.6. Chosen Plaintext Attacks
        • 13.5.7. Storing Passwords
      • 13.6. For More Information
    • 14. Secure HTTP
      • 14.1. Making HTTP Safe
        • 14.1.1. HTTPS
      • 14.2. Digital Cryptography
        • 14.2.1. The Art and Science of Secret Coding
        • 14.2.2. Ciphers
        • 14.2.3. Cipher Machines
        • 14.2.4. Keyed Ciphers
        • 14.2.5. Digital Ciphers
      • 14.3. Symmetric-Key Cryptography
        • 14.3.1. Key Length and Enumeration Attacks
        • 14.3.2. Establishing Shared Keys
      • 14.4. Public-Key Cryptography
        • 14.4.1. RSA
        • 14.4.2. Hybrid Cryptosystems and Session Keys
      • 14.5. Digital Signatures
        • 14.5.1. Signatures Are Cryptographic Checksums
      • 14.6. Digital Certificates
        • 14.6.1. The Guts of a Certificate
        • 14.6.2. X.509 v3 Certificates
        • 14.6.3. Using Certificates to Authenticate Servers
      • 14.7. HTTPS: The Details
        • 14.7.1. HTTPS Overview
        • 14.7.2. HTTPS Schemes
        • 14.7.3. Secure Transport Setup
        • 14.7.4. SSL Handshake
        • 14.7.5. Server Certificates
        • 14.7.6. Site Certificate Validation
        • 14.7.7. Virtual Hosting and Certificates
      • 14.8. A Real HTTPS Client
        • 14.8.1. OpenSSL
        • 14.8.2. A Simple HTTPS Client
        • 14.8.3. Executing Our Simple OpenSSL Client
      • 14.9. Tunneling Secure Traffic Through Proxies
      • 14.10. For More Information
        • 14.10.1. HTTP Security
        • 14.10.2. SSL and TLS
        • 14.10.3. Public-Key Infrastructure
        • 14.10.4. Digital Cryptography
  • IV. Entities, Encodings, and Internationalization
    • 15. Entities and Encodings
      • 15.1. Messages Are Crates, Entities Are Cargo
        • 15.1.1. Entity Bodies
      • 15.2. Content-Length: The Entity's Size
        • 15.2.1. Detecting Truncation
        • 15.2.2. Incorrect Content-Length
        • 15.2.3. Content-Length and Persistent Connections
        • 15.2.4. Content Encoding
        • 15.2.5. Rules for Determining Entity Body Length
      • 15.3. Entity Digests
      • 15.4. Media Type and Charset
        • 15.4.1. Character Encodings for Text Media
        • 15.4.2. Multipart Media Types
        • 15.4.3. Multipart Form Submissions
        • 15.4.4. Multipart Range Responses
      • 15.5. Content Encoding
        • 15.5.1. The Content-Encoding Process
        • 15.5.2. Content-Encoding Types
        • 15.5.3. Accept-Encoding Headers
      • 15.6. Transfer Encoding and Chunked Encoding
        • 15.6.1. Safe Transport
        • 15.6.2. Transfer-Encoding Headers
        • 15.6.3. Chunked Encoding
          • 15.6.3.1. Chunking and persistent connections
          • 15.6.3.2. Trailers in chunked messages
        • 15.6.4. Combining Content and Transfer Encodings
        • 15.6.5. Transfer-Encoding Rules
      • 15.7. Time-Varying Instances
      • 15.8. Validators and Freshness
        • 15.8.1. Freshness
        • 15.8.2. Conditionals and Validators
      • 15.9. Range Requests
      • 15.10. Delta Encoding
        • 15.10.1. Instance Manipulations, Delta Generators, and Delta Appliers
      • 15.11. For More Information
    • 16. Internationalization
      • 16.1. HTTP Support for International Content
      • 16.2. Character Sets and HTTP
        • 16.2.1. Charset Is a Character-to-Bits Encoding
        • 16.2.2. How Character Sets and Encodings Work
        • 16.2.3. The Wrong Charset Gives the Wrong Characters
        • 16.2.4. Standardized MIME Charset Values
        • 16.2.5. Content-Type Charset Header and META Tags
        • 16.2.6. The Accept-Charset Header
      • 16.3. Multilingual Character Encoding Primer
        • 16.3.1. Character Set Terminology
        • 16.3.2. Charset Is Poorly Named
        • 16.3.3. Characters
        • 16.3.4. Glyphs, Ligatures, and Presentation Forms
        • 16.3.5. Coded Character Sets
          • 16.3.5.1. US-ASCII: The mother of all character sets
          • 16.3.5.2. iso-8859
          • 16.3.5.3. JIS X 0201
          • 16.3.5.4. JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212
          • 16.3.5.5. UCS
        • 16.3.6. Character Encoding Schemes
          • 16.3.6.1. 8-bit
          • 16.3.6.2. UTF-8
          • 16.3.6.3. iso-2022-jp
          • 16.3.6.4. euc-jp
      • 16.4. Language Tags and HTTP
        • 16.4.1. The Content-Language Header
        • 16.4.2. The Accept-Language Header
        • 16.4.3. Types of Language Tags
        • 16.4.4. Subtags
        • 16.4.5. Capitalization
        • 16.4.6. IANA Language Tag Registrations
        • 16.4.7. First Subtag: Namespace
        • 16.4.8. Second Subtag: Namespace
        • 16.4.9. Remaining Subtags: Namespace
        • 16.4.10. Configuring Language Preferences
        • 16.4.11. Language Tag Reference Tables
      • 16.5. Internationalized URIs
        • 16.5.1. Global Transcribability Versus Meaningful Characters
        • 16.5.2. URI Character Repertoire
        • 16.5.3. Escaping and Unescaping
        • 16.5.4. Escaping International Characters
        • 16.5.5. Modal Switches in URIs
      • 16.6. Other Considerations
        • 16.6.1. Headers and Out-of-Spec Data
        • 16.6.2. Dates
        • 16.6.3. Domain Names
      • 16.7. For More Information
        • 16.7.1. Appendixes
        • 16.7.2. Internet Internationalization
        • 16.7.3. International Standards
    • 17. Content Negotiation and Transcoding
      • 17.1. Content-Negotiation Techniques
      • 17.2. Client-Driven Negotiation
      • 17.3. Server-Driven Negotiation
        • 17.3.1. Content-Negotiation Headers
        • 17.3.2. Content-Negotiation Header Quality Values
        • 17.3.3. Varying on Other Headers
        • 17.3.4. Content Negotiation on Apache
          • 17.3.4.1. Using type-map files
          • 17.3.4.2. Using MultiViews
        • 17.3.5. Server-Side Extensions
      • 17.4. Transparent Negotiation
        • 17.4.1. Caching and Alternates
        • 17.4.2. The Vary Header
      • 17.5. Transcoding
        • 17.5.1. Format Conversion
        • 17.5.2. Information Synthesis
        • 17.5.3. Content Injection
        • 17.5.4. Transcoding Versus Static Pregeneration
      • 17.6. Next Steps
      • 17.7. For More Information
  • V. Content Publishing and Distribution
    • 18. Web Hosting
      • 18.1. Hosting Services
        • 18.1.1. A Simple Example: Dedicated Hosting
      • 18.2. Virtual Hosting
        • 18.2.1. Virtual Server Request Lacks Host Information
        • 18.2.2. Making Virtual Hosting Work
          • 18.2.2.1. Virtual hosting by URL path
          • 18.2.2.2. Virtual hosting by port number
          • 18.2.2.3. Virtual hosting by IP address
          • 18.2.2.4. Virtual hosting by Host header
        • 18.2.3. HTTP/1.1 Host Headers
          • 18.2.3.1. Syntax and usage
          • 18.2.3.2. Missing Host headers
          • 18.2.3.3. Interpreting Host headers
          • 18.2.3.4. Host headers and proxies
      • 18.3. Making Web Sites Reliable
        • 18.3.1. Mirrored Server Farms
        • 18.3.2. Content Distribution Networks
        • 18.3.3. Surrogate Caches in CDNs
        • 18.3.4. Proxy Caches in CDNs
      • 18.4. Making Web Sites Fast
      • 18.5. For More Information
    • 19. Publishing Systems
      • 19.1. FrontPage Server Extensions for Publishing Support
        • 19.1.1. FrontPage Server Extensions
        • 19.1.2. FrontPage Vocabulary
        • 19.1.3. The FrontPage RPC Protocol
          • 19.1.3.1. Request
          • 19.1.3.2. Response
        • 19.1.4. FrontPage Security Model
      • 19.2. WebDAV and Collaborative Authoring
        • 19.2.1. WebDAV Methods
        • 19.2.2. WebDAV and XML
        • 19.2.3. WebDAV Headers
        • 19.2.4. WebDAV Locking and Overwrite Prevention
        • 19.2.5. The LOCK Method
          • 19.2.5.1. The opaquelocktoken scheme
          • 19.2.5.2. The <lockdiscovery> XML element
          • 19.2.5.3. Lock refreshes and the Timeout header
        • 19.2.6. The UNLOCK Method
        • 19.2.7. Properties and META Data
        • 19.2.8. The PROPFIND Method
        • 19.2.9. The PROPPATCH Method
        • 19.2.10. Collections and Namespace Management
        • 19.2.11. The MKCOL Method
        • 19.2.12. The DELETE Method
        • 19.2.13. The COPY and MOVE Methods
          • 19.2.13.1. Overwrite header effect
          • 19.2.13.2. COPY/MOVE of properties
          • 19.2.13.3. Locked resources and COPY/MOVE
        • 19.2.14. Enhanced HTTP/1.1 Methods
          • 19.2.14.1. The PUT method
          • 19.2.14.2. The OPTIONS method
        • 19.2.15. Version Management in WebDAV
        • 19.2.16. Future of WebDAV
      • 19.3. For More Information
    • 20. Redirection and Load Balancing
      • 20.1. Why Redirect?
      • 20.2. Where to Redirect
      • 20.3. Overview of Redirection Protocols
      • 20.4. General Redirection Methods
        • 20.4.1. HTTP Redirection
        • 20.4.2. DNS Redirection
          • 20.4.2.1. DNS round robin
          • 20.4.2.2. Multiple addresses and round-robin address rotation
          • 20.4.2.3. DNS round robin for load balancing
          • 20.4.2.4. The impact of DNS caching
          • 20.4.2.5. Other DNS-based redirection algorithms
        • 20.4.3. Anycast Addressing
        • 20.4.4. IP MAC Forwarding
        • 20.4.5. IP Address Forwarding
        • 20.4.6. Network Element Control Protocol
          • 20.4.6.1. Messages
      • 20.5. Proxy Redirection Methods
        • 20.5.1. Explicit Browser Configuration
        • 20.5.2. Proxy Auto-configuration
        • 20.5.3. Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol
          • 20.5.3.1. PAC file autodiscovery
          • 20.5.3.2. WPAD algorithm
          • 20.5.3.3. CURL discovery using DHCP
          • 20.5.3.4. DNS A record lookup
          • 20.5.3.5. Retrieving the PAC file
          • 20.5.3.6. When to execute WPAD
          • 20.5.3.7. WPAD spoofing
          • 20.5.3.8. Timeouts
          • 20.5.3.9. Administrator considerations
      • 20.6. Cache Redirection Methods
        • 20.6.1. WCCP Redirection
          • 20.6.1.1. How WCCP redirection works
          • 20.6.1.2. WCCP2 messages
          • 20.6.1.3. Message components
          • 20.6.1.4. Service groups
          • 20.6.1.5. GRE packet encapsulation
          • 20.6.1.6. WCCP load balancing
      • 20.7. Internet Cache Protocol
      • 20.8. Cache Array Routing Protocol
      • 20.9. Hyper Text Caching Protocol
        • 20.9.1. HTCP Authentication
        • 20.9.2. Setting Caching Policies
      • 20.10. For More Information
    • 21. Logging and Usage Tracking
      • 21.1. What to Log?
      • 21.2. Log Formats
        • 21.2.1. Common Log Format
        • 21.2.2. Combined Log Format
        • 21.2.3. Netscape Extended Log Format
        • 21.2.4. Netscape Extended 2 Log Format
        • 21.2.5. Squid Proxy Log Format
      • 21.3. Hit Metering
        • 21.3.1. Overview
        • 21.3.2. The Meter Header
      • 21.4. A Word on Privacy
      • 21.5. For More Information
  • VI. Appendixes
    • A. URI Schemes
    • B. HTTP Status Codes
      • B.1. Status Code Classifications
      • B.2. Status Codes
    • C. HTTP Header Reference
      • Accept
      • Accept-Charset
      • Accept-Encoding
      • Accept-Language
      • Accept-Ranges
      • Age
      • Allow
      • Authorization
      • Cache-Control
      • Client-ip
      • Connection
      • Content-Base
      • Content-Encoding
      • Content-Language
      • Content-Length
      • Content-Location
      • Content-MD5
      • Content-Range
      • Content-Type
      • Cookie
      • Cookie2
      • Date
      • ETag
      • Expect
      • Expires
      • From
      • Host
      • If-Modified-Since
      • If-Match
      • If-None-Match
      • If-Range
      • If-Unmodified-Since
      • Last-Modified
      • Location
      • Max-Forwards
      • MIME-Version
      • Pragma
      • Proxy-Authenticate
      • Proxy-Authorization
      • Proxy-Connection
      • Public
      • Range
      • Referer
      • Retry-After
      • Server
      • Set-Cookie
      • Set-Cookie2
      • TE
      • Trailer
      • Title
      • Transfer-Encoding
      • UA-(CPU, Disp, OS, Color, Pixels)
      • Upgrade
      • User-Agent
      • Vary
      • Via
      • Warning
      • WWW-Authenticate
      • X-Cache
      • X-Forwarded-For
      • X-Pad
      • X-Serial-Number
    • D. MIME Types
      • D.1. Background
      • D.2. MIME Type Structure
        • D.2.1. Discrete Types
        • D.2.2. Composite Types
        • D.2.3. Multipart Types
        • D.2.4. Syntax
      • D.3. MIME Type IANA Registration
        • D.3.1. Registration Trees
        • D.3.2. Registration Process
        • D.3.3. Registration Rules
        • D.3.4. Registration Template
        • D.3.5. MIME Media Type Registry
      • D.4. MIME Type Tables
        • D.4.1. application/*
        • D.4.2. audio/*
        • D.4.3. chemical/*
        • D.4.4. image/*
        • D.4.5. message/*
        • D.4.6. model/*
        • D.4.7. multipart/*
        • D.4.8. text/*
        • D.4.9. video/*
        • D.4.10. Experimental Types
    • E. Base-64 Encoding
      • E.1. Base-64 Encoding Makes Binary Data Safe
      • E.2. Eight Bits to Six Bits
      • E.3. Base-64 Padding
      • E.4. Perl Implementation
      • E.5. For More Information
    • F. Digest Authentication
      • F.1. Digest WWW-Authenticate Directives
      • F.2. Digest Authorization Directives
      • F.3. Digest Authentication-Info Directives
      • F.4. Reference Code
        • F.4.1. File "digcalc.h"
        • F.4.2. File "digcalc.c"
        • F.4.3. File "digtest.c"
    • G. Language Tags
      • G.1. First Subtag Rules
      • G.2. Second Subtag Rules
      • G.3. IANA-Registered Language Tags
      • G.4. ISO 639 Language Codes
      • G.5. ISO 3166 Country Codes
      • G.6. Language Administrative Organizations
    • H. MIME Charset Registry
      • H.1. MIME Charset Registry
      • H.2. Preferred MIME Names
      • H.3. Registered Charsets
  • Index
  • About the Authors
  • Colophon
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