The Discipline of Organizing: Informatics Edition. 4th Edition Robert J. Glushko

Spis treści książki

• The Discipline of Organizing
• Foreword to the First Edition
• Preface to the Fourth Edition
• Abstract
• 1. Foundations for Organizing Systems
  • 1.1. The Discipline of Organizing
  • 1.2. The Organizing System Concept
  • 1.3. The Concept of Resource
  • 1.4. The Concept of Collection
  • 1.5. The Concept of Intentional Arrangement
  • 1.6. The Concept of Organizing Principle
  • 1.7. The Concept of Agent
  • 1.8. The Concept of Interactions
  • 1.9. The Concept of Interaction Resource
  • 1.10. Organizing This Book
• 2. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems
  • 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.2. What Is Being Organized?
  • 2.3. Why Is It Being Organized?
  • 2.4. How Much Is It Being Organized?
  • 2.5. When Is It Being Organized?
  • 2.6. How (or by Whom) Is It Organized?
  • 2.7. Where is it being Organized?
  • 2.8. Key Points in Chapter Two
• 3. Activities in Organizing Systems
  • 3.1. Introduction
  • 3.2. Selecting Resources
    • 3.2.1. Selection Criteria
    • 3.2.2. Looking Upstream and Downstream to Select Resources
  • 3.3. Organizing Resources
    • 3.3.1. Organizing Physical Resources
      • 3.3.1.1. Organizing with Properties of Physical Resources
      • 3.3.1.2. Organizing with Descriptions of Physical Resources
    • 3.3.2. Organizing Places
      • 3.3.2.1. Organizing the Land
      • 3.3.2.2. Organizing Built Environments
      • 3.3.2.3. Orientation and Wayfinding Mechanisms
    • 3.3.3. Organizing Digital Resources
      • 3.3.3.1. Organizing Web-based Resources
      • 3.3.3.2. Information Architecture and Organizing Systems
    • 3.3.4. Organizing With Descriptive Statistics
      • 3.3.4.1. Exploratory Analysis to Understand Data
      • 3.3.4.2. Detecting Errors and Fraud in Data
    • 3.3.5. Organizing with Multiple Resource Properties
  • 3.4. Designing Resource-based Interactions
    • 3.4.1. Affordance and Capability
    • 3.4.2. Interaction and Value Creation
      • 3.4.2.1. Value Creation with Physical Resources
      • 3.4.2.2. Value Creation with Digital Resources
      • 3.4.2.3. Accessibility
    • 3.4.3. Access Policies
  • 3.5. Maintaining Resources
    • 3.5.1. Motivations for Maintaining Resources
    • 3.5.2. Preservation
      • 3.5.2.1. Digitization and Preserving Resources
      • 3.5.2.2. Preserving the Web
      • 3.5.2.3. Preserving Resource Instances
      • 3.5.2.4. Preserving Resource Types
      • 3.5.2.5. Preserving Resource Collections
    • 3.5.3. Curation
      • 3.5.3.1. Institutional Curation
      • 3.5.3.2. Individual Curation
      • 3.5.3.3. Social and Web Curation
      • 3.5.3.4. Computational Curation
      • 3.5.3.5. Discarding, Removing, and Not Keeping
    • 3.5.4. Governance
      • 3.5.4.1. Governance in Business Organizing Systems
      • 3.5.4.2. Governance in Scientific Organizing Systems
  • 3.6. Key Points in Chapter Three
• 4. Resources in Organizing Systems
  • 4.1. Introduction
    • 4.1.1. What Is a Resource?
      • 4.1.1.1. Resources with Parts
      • 4.1.1.2. Bibliographic Resources, Information Components, and Smart Things as Resources
    • 4.1.2. Identity, Identifiers, and Names
  • 4.2. Four Distinctions about Resources
    • 4.2.1. Resource Domain
    • 4.2.2. Resource Format
    • 4.2.3. Resource Agency
      • 4.2.3.1. Passive or Operand Resources
      • 4.2.3.2. Active or Operant Resources
    • 4.2.4. Resource Focus
    • 4.2.5. Resource Format x Focus
      • 4.2.5.1. Physical Description of a Primary Physical Resource
      • 4.2.5.2. Digital Description of a Primary Physical Resource
      • 4.2.5.3. Digital Description of a Primary Digital Resource
      • 4.2.5.4. Physical Description of a Primary Digital Resource
  • 4.3. Resource Identity
    • 4.3.1. Identity and Physical Resources
    • 4.3.2. Identity and Bibliographic Resources
    • 4.3.3. Identity and Information Components
    • 4.3.4. Identity and Active Resources
  • 4.4. Naming Resources
    • 4.4.1. Whats in a Name?
    • 4.4.2. The Problems of Naming
      • 4.4.2.1. The Vocabulary Problem
      • 4.4.2.2. Homonymy, Polysemy, and False Cognates
      • 4.4.2.3. Names with Undesirable Associations
      • 4.4.2.4. Names that Assume Impermanent Attributes
      • 4.4.2.5. The Semantic Gap
    • 4.4.3. Choosing Good Names and Identifiers
      • 4.4.3.1. Make Names Informative
      • 4.4.3.2. Use Controlled Vocabularies
      • 4.4.3.3. Allow Aliasing
      • 4.4.3.4. Make Identifiers Unique or Qualified
      • 4.4.3.5. Distinguish Identifying and Resolving
  • 4.5. Resources over Time
    • 4.5.1. Persistence
      • 4.5.1.1. Persistent Identifiers
      • 4.5.1.2. Persistent Resources
    • 4.5.2. Effectivity
    • 4.5.3. Authenticity
    • 4.5.4. Provenance
  • 4.6. Key Points in Chapter Four
• 5. Resource Description and Metadata
  • 5.1. Introduction
  • 5.2. An Overview of Resource Description
    • 5.2.1. Naming {and, or, vs.} Describing
    • 5.2.2. Description as an Inclusive Term
      • 5.2.2.1. Bibliographic Descriptions
      • 5.2.2.2. Metadata
      • 5.2.2.3. Tagging of Web-based Resources
      • 5.2.2.4. Resource Description Framework (RDF)
      • 5.2.2.5. Aggregated Information Objects
    • 5.2.3. Frameworks for Resource Description
  • 5.3. The Process of Describing Resources
    • 5.3.1. Determining the Scope and Focus
      • 5.3.1.1. Describing Instances or Describing Collections
      • 5.3.1.2. Abstraction in Resource Description
      • 5.3.1.3. Scope, Scale, and Resource Description
    • 5.3.2. Determining the Purposes
      • 5.3.2.1. Resource Description to Support Selection
      • 5.3.2.2. Resource Description to Support Organizing
      • 5.3.2.3. Resource Description to Support Interactions
      • 5.3.2.4. Resource Description to Support Maintenance
      • 5.3.2.5. Resource Description for Sensemaking and Science
    • 5.3.3. Identifying Properties
      • 5.3.3.1. Intrinsic Static Properties
      • 5.3.3.2. Extrinsic Static Properties
      • 5.3.3.3. Intrinsic Dynamic Properties
      • 5.3.3.4. Extrinsic Dynamic Properties
    • 5.3.4. Designing the Description Vocabulary
      • 5.3.4.1. Principles of Good Description
      • 5.3.4.2. Who Uses the Descriptions?
      • 5.3.4.3. Controlled Vocabularies and Content Rules
      • 5.3.4.4. Vocabulary Control as Dimensionality Reduction
    • 5.3.5. Designing the Description Form
    • 5.3.6. Creating Resource Descriptions
      • 5.3.6.1. Resource Description by Professionals
      • 5.3.6.2. Resource Description by Authors or Creators
      • 5.3.6.3. Resource Description by Users
      • 5.3.6.4. Automated and Computational Resource Description
    • 5.3.7. Evaluating Resource Descriptions
      • 5.3.7.1. Evaluating the Creation of Resource Descriptions
      • 5.3.7.2. Evaluating the Use of Resource Descriptions
      • 5.3.7.3. The Importance of Iterative Evaluation
  • 5.4. Describing Non-text Resources
    • 5.4.1. Describing Museum and Artistic Resources
    • 5.4.2. Describing Images
    • 5.4.3. Describing Music
    • 5.4.4. Describing Video
  • 5.5. Key Points in Chapter Five
• 6. Describing Relationships and Structures
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Describing Relationships: An Overview
  • 6.3. The Semantic Perspective
    • 6.3.1. Types of Semantic Relationships
      • 6.3.1.1. Inclusion
      • 6.3.1.2. Attribution
      • 6.3.1.3. Possession
    • 6.3.2. Properties of Semantic Relationships
      • 6.3.2.1. Symmetry
      • 6.3.2.2. Transitivity
      • 6.3.2.3. Equivalence
      • 6.3.2.4. Inverse
    • 6.3.3. Ontologies
  • 6.4. The Lexical Perspective
    • 6.4.1. Relationships among Word Meanings
      • 6.4.1.1. Hyponymy and Hyperonymy
      • 6.4.1.2. Metonymy
      • 6.4.1.3. Synonymy
      • 6.4.1.4. Polysemy
      • 6.4.1.5. Antonymy
    • 6.4.2. Thesauri
    • 6.4.3. Relationships among Word Forms
      • 6.4.3.1. Derivational Morphology
      • 6.4.3.2. Inflectional Morphology
  • 6.5. The Structural Perspective
    • 6.5.1. Intentional, Implicit, and Explicit Structure
    • 6.5.2. Structural Relationships within a Resource
    • 6.5.3. Structural Relationships between Resources
      • 6.5.3.1. Hypertext Links
      • 6.5.3.2. Analyzing Link Structures
      • 6.5.3.3. Bibliometrics, Shepardizing, Altmetrics, and Social Network Analysis
  • 6.6. The Architectural Perspective
    • 6.6.1. Degree
    • 6.6.2. Cardinality
    • 6.6.3. Directionality
  • 6.7. The Implementation Perspective
    • 6.7.1. Choice of Implementation
    • 6.7.2. Syntax and Grammar
    • 6.7.3. Requirements for Implementation Syntax
  • 6.8. Relationships in Organizing Systems
    • 6.8.1. The Semantic Web and Linked Data
    • 6.8.2. Bibliographic Organizing Systems
      • 6.8.2.1. Tilletts Taxonomy
      • 6.8.2.2. Resource Description and Access (RDA)
      • 6.8.2.3. RDA and the Semantic Web
    • 6.8.3. Integration and Interoperability
  • 6.9. Key Points in Chapter Six
• 7. Categorization: Describing Resource Classes and Types
  • 7.1. Introduction
  • 7.2. The What and Why of Categories
    • 7.2.1. Cultural Categories
    • 7.2.2. Individual Categories
    • 7.2.3. Institutional Categories
    • 7.2.4. A Categorization Continuum
    • 7.2.5. Computational Categories
  • 7.3. Principles for Creating Categories
    • 7.3.1. Enumeration
    • 7.3.2. Single Properties
    • 7.3.3. Multiple Properties
      • 7.3.3.1. Multi-Level or Hierarchical Categories
      • 7.3.3.2. Different Properties for Subsets of Resources
      • 7.3.3.3. Necessary and Sufficient Properties
    • 7.3.4. The Limits of Property-Based Categorization
    • 7.3.5. Probabilistic Categories and Family Resemblance
    • 7.3.6. Similarity
      • 7.3.6.1. Feature-based Models of Similarity
      • 7.3.6.2. Geometric Models of Similarity
      • 7.3.6.3. Transformational Models of Similarity
      • 7.3.6.4. Alignment or Analogy Models of Similarity
    • 7.3.7. Goal-Derived Categories
    • 7.3.8. Theory-Based Categories
  • 7.4. Category Design Issues and Implications
    • 7.4.1. Category Abstraction and Granularity
    • 7.4.2. Basic or Natural Categories
    • 7.4.3. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
    • 7.4.4. Category Audience and Purpose
  • 7.5. Implementing Categories
    • 7.5.1. Implementing Enumerated Categories
    • 7.5.2. Implementing Categories Defined by Properties
    • 7.5.3. Implementing Categories Defined by Probability and Similarity
      • 7.5.3.1. Probabilistic Decision Trees
      • 7.5.3.2. Nave Bayes Classifiers
      • 7.5.3.3. Categories Created by Clustering
      • 7.5.3.4. Neural networks
    • 7.5.4. Implementing Goal-Based Categories
    • 7.5.5. Implementing Theory-Based Categories
  • 7.6. Key Points in Chapter Seven
• 8. Classification: Assigning Resources to Categories
  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Classification vs. Categorization
    • 8.1.2. Classification vs. Tagging
    • 8.1.3. Classification vs. Physical Arrangement
    • 8.1.4. Classification Schemes
    • 8.1.5. Classification and Standardization
      • 8.1.5.1. Institutional Taxonomies
      • 8.1.5.2. Institutional Semantics
      • 8.1.5.3. Specifications vs. Standards
      • 8.1.5.4. Mandated Classifications
  • 8.2. Understanding Classification
    • 8.2.1. Classification Is Purposeful
      • 8.2.1.1. Classifications Are Reference Models
      • 8.2.1.2. Classifications Support Interactions
    • 8.2.2. Classification Is Principled
      • 8.2.2.1. Principles Embodied in the Classification Scheme
      • 8.2.2.2. Principles for Assigning Resources to Categories
      • 8.2.2.3. Principles for Maintaining the Classification over Time
    • 8.2.3. Classification Is Biased
  • 8.3. Bibliographic Classification
    • 8.3.1. The Dewey Decimal Classification
    • 8.3.2. The Library of Congress Classification
    • 8.3.3. The BISAC Classification
  • 8.4. Faceted Classification
    • 8.4.1. Foundations for Faceted Classification
    • 8.4.2. Faceted Classification in Description
    • 8.4.3. A Classification for Facets
    • 8.4.4. Designing a Faceted Classification System
      • 8.4.4.1. Design Process for Faceted Classification
      • 8.4.4.2. Design Principles and Pragmatics
  • 8.5. Classification by Activity Structure
  • 8.6. Computational Classification
  • 8.7. Key Points in Chapter Eight
• 9. The Forms of Resource Descriptions
  • 9.1. Introduction
  • 9.2. Structuring Descriptions
    • 9.2.1. Kinds of Structures
      • 9.2.1.1. Blobs
      • 9.2.1.2. Sets
      • 9.2.1.3. Lists
      • 9.2.1.4. Dictionaries
      • 9.2.1.5. Trees
      • 9.2.1.6. Graphs
    • 9.2.2. Comparing Metamodels: JSON, XML and RDF
      • 9.2.2.1. JSON
      • 9.2.2.2. XML Information Set
      • 9.2.2.3. RDF
      • 9.2.2.4. Choosing Your Constraints
    • 9.2.3. Modeling within Constraints
      • 9.2.3.1. Specifying Vocabularies and Schemas
      • 9.2.3.2. Controlling Values
  • 9.3. Writing Descriptions
    • 9.3.1. Notations
    • 9.3.2. Writing Systems
    • 9.3.3. Syntax
  • 9.4. Worlds of Description
    • 9.4.1. The Document Processing World
    • 9.4.2. The Web World
    • 9.4.3. The Semantic Web World
  • 9.5. Key Points in Chapter Nine
• 10. Interactions with Resources
  • 10.1. Introduction
  • 10.2. Determining Interactions
    • 10.2.1. User Requirements
    • 10.2.2. Socio-Political and Organizational Constraints
  • 10.3. Reorganizing Resources for Interactions
    • 10.3.1. Identifying and Describing Resources for Interactions
    • 10.3.2. Transforming Resources for Interactions
      • 10.3.2.1. Transforming Resources from Multiple or Legacy Organizing Systems
      • 10.3.2.2. Modes of Transformation
      • 10.3.2.3. Granularity and Abstraction
      • 10.3.2.4. Accuracy of Transformations
  • 10.4. Implementing Interactions
    • 10.4.1. Interactions Based on Instance Properties
      • 10.4.1.1. Boolean Retrieval
      • 10.4.1.2. Tag / Annotate
    • 10.4.2. Interactions Based on Collection Properties
      • 10.4.2.1. Ranked Retrieval with Vector Space or Probabilistic Models
      • 10.4.2.2. Synonym Expansion with Latent Semantic Indexing
      • 10.4.2.3. Structure-Based Retrieval
      • 10.4.2.4. Clustering / Classification
    • 10.4.3. Interactions Based on Derived Properties
      • 10.4.3.1. Popularity-Based Retrieval
      • 10.4.3.2. Citation-Based Retrieval
      • 10.4.3.3. Translation
    • 10.4.4. Interactions Based on Combining Resources
      • 10.4.4.1. Mash-Ups
      • 10.4.4.2. Linked Data Retrieval and Resource Discovery
  • 10.5. Evaluating Interactions
    • 10.5.1. Efficiency
    • 10.5.2. Effectiveness
      • 10.5.2.1. Relevance
      • 10.5.2.2. The Recall / Precision Tradeoff
    • 10.5.3. Satisfaction
  • 10.6. Key Points in Chapter Ten
• 11. The Organizing System Roadmap
  • 11.1. Introduction
  • 11.2. The Organizing System Lifecycle
  • 11.3. Defining and Scoping the Organizing System Domain
    • 11.3.1. Scope and Scale of the Collection
    • 11.3.2. Number and Nature of Users
    • 11.3.3. Expected Lifetime
    • 11.3.4. Physical or Technological Environment
    • 11.3.5. Relationship to Other Organizing Systems
  • 11.4. Identifying Requirements for an Organizing System
    • 11.4.1. Requirements for Interactions
    • 11.4.2. About the Nature and Extent of Resource Description
    • 11.4.3. About Intentional Arrangement
    • 11.4.4. Dealing with Conflicting Requirements
  • 11.5. Designing and Implementing an Organizing System
    • 11.5.1. Choosing Scope- and Scale-Appropriate Technology
    • 11.5.2. Architectural Thinking
    • 11.5.3. Distinguishing Access from Control
    • 11.5.4. Standardization and Legacy Considerations
  • 11.6. Operating and Maintaining an Organizing System
    • 11.6.1. Resource Perspective
    • 11.6.2. Properties, Principles and Technology Perspective
  • 11.7. Key Points in Chapter Eleven
• 12. Case Studies
  • 12.1. A Multi-generational Photo Collection
  • 12.2. Knowledge Management for a Small Consulting Firm
  • 12.3. Smarter Farming in Japan
  • 12.4. Single-Source Textbook Publishing
  • 12.5. Organizing a Kitchen
  • 12.6. Earth Orbiting Satellites
  • 12.7. CalBug and its Search Interface Redesign
  • 12.8. Weekly Newspaper
  • 12.9. The CODIS DNA Database
  • 12.10. Honolulu Rail Transit
  • 12.11. The Antikythera Mechanism
  • 12.12. Autonomous Cars
  • 12.13. IP Addressing in the Global Internet
  • 12.14. The Art Genome Project
  • 12.15. Making a Documentary Film
  • 12.16. The Dabbawalas of Mumbai
  • 12.17. Managing Information About Data Center Resources
  • 12.18. Neuroscience Lab
  • 12.19. A Nonprofit Book Publisher
• Afterword
• Acknowledgments
• Bibliography
• Glossary
• Index
• Colophon

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