Real World Instrumentation with Python. Automated Data Acquisition and Control Systems J. M. Hughes

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• Real World Instrumentation with Python
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  • A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
  • Preface
    • Who Is This Book For?
    • The Programming Languages
    • Why Python?
    • The Systems
    • Methodology
    • How This Book Is Organized
    • Conventions Used in This Book
    • Using Code Examples
    • Safari Books Online
    • How to Contact Us
    • Acknowledgments
  • 1. Introduction to Instrumentation
    • Data Acquisition
    • Control Output
      • Open-Loop Control
      • Closed-Loop Control
      • Sequential Control
    • Applications Overview
      • Electronics Test Instrumentation
      • Laboratory Instrumentation
      • Process Control
    • Summary
  • 2. Essential Electronics
    • Electrical Charge
    • Electric Current
    • Basic Circuit Theory
    • Circuit Schematics
    • DC Circuit Characteristics
      • Ohms Law
      • Sinking and Sourcing
      • More About Resistors
    • AC Circuits
      • Sine Waves
      • Capacitors
      • Inductors
      • Other Waveforms: Square, Ramp, Triangle, Pulse
    • Interfaces
      • Discrete Digital I/O
      • Analog I/O
        • Acquiring analog data
        • Generating analog data
      • Counters and Timers
      • PWM
      • Serial I/O
      • Parallel I/O
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 3. The Python Programming Language
    • Installing Python
    • The Python Programming Language
      • The Python Command Line
      • Command-Line Options and Environment
      • Objects in Python
      • Data Types in Python
        • Numeric data as objects
        • Sequence objects
          • Lists
          • Strings
          • Tuples
        • Mapped objectsdictionaries
      • Expressions
      • Operators
        • Arithmetic operators
        • Logical operators
        • Comparison operators
        • Bitwise operators
        • Assignment operators
        • Membership operators
        • Identity operators
        • Operator precedence
      • Statements
        • Indentation
        • Comments
        • Keywords
        • Simple statements
          • assert
          • Assignment
          • Augmented assignment
          • pass
          • print
          • return
          • break
          • continue
          • global
        • Compound statements
          • The if statement
          • The while statement
          • The for statement
          • The try statement
      • Strings
        • String quotes
        • String methods
        • String formatting
      • Program Organization
        • Scope
          • Local scope
          • Global scope
          • Built-in scope
        • Modules and packages
        • Functions, classes, and methods
        • Docstrings
      • Importing Modules
        • Import methods
        • Import processing
        • Cyclic imports
      • Loading and Running a Python Program
      • Basic Input and Output
        • User input
        • Command-line parameters
        • Files
        • Console output using print
        • Redirecting print
      • Hints and Tips
        • Module global variables
        • Latent defects
        • Deferred imports
        • Dictionaries as function parameters
        • Function return values
        • Think of modules as objects
        • Use docstrings and descriptive comments
        • Coding style
    • Python Development Tools
      • Editors and IDEs
        • Editors
        • IDE tools
      • Debuggers
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 4. The C Programming Language
    • Installing C
    • Developing Software in C
      • A Simple C Program
      • Preprocessor Directives
        • #include
        • #define
      • Standard Data Types
      • User-Defined Types
      • Operators
        • Arithmetic operators
        • Unary operators
        • Assignment and augmented assignment operators
        • Comparison operators
        • Logical operators
        • Bitwise operators
        • Operator precedence
      • Expressions
      • Statements
        • if-else statement
        • switch statement
        • while loop
        • do-while loop
        • for loop
        • break statement
        • continue statement
        • goto statement
      • Arrays and Pointers
        • Arrays
        • Pointers
      • Structures
      • Functions
        • Function syntax
        • Function prototypes
      • The Standard Library
      • Building C Programs
        • Header files
        • Object files
        • Libraries
        • Linking
        • make
      • C Language Wrap-Up
    • C Development Tools
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 5. Python Extensions
    • Creating Python Extensions in C
    • Pythons C Extension API
      • Extension Source Module Organization
      • Python API Types and Functions
      • The Method Table
      • Method Flags
        • METH_VARARGS example
        • METH_KEYWORDS example
        • METH_NOARGS example
      • Passing Data
    • Using the Python C Extension API
      • Generic Discrete I/O API
      • Generic Wrapper Example
      • Calling the Extension
    • Pythons ctypes Foreign Function Library
      • Loading External DLLs with ctypes
      • Basic Data Types in ctypes
      • Using ctypes
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 6. Hardware: Tools and Supplies
    • The Essentials
      • Hand Tools
        • Be kind to your tools
        • Where to purchase tools
      • Digital Multimeter
        • DMM resolution
        • DMM usage tips
      • Soldering Tools
      • Nice-to-Have Tools
    • Advanced Tools
      • The Oscilloscope
      • Logic Analyzers
      • Test Equipment Caveats
    • Supplies
    • New Versus Used
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 7. Physical Interfaces
    • Connectors
      • DB-Type Connectors
      • USB Connectors
      • Circular Connectors
      • Terminal Blocks
      • Wiring
        • Soldering
        • Crimping
        • Wiring caveats
      • Connector Failures
    • Serial Interfaces
      • RS-232/EIA-232
        • RS-232 data formats
        • RS-232 signals
        • DTE and DCE
      • RS-485/EIA-485
        • RS-485 signals
        • Line drivers and receivers
        • RS-485 multi-drop
        • RS-232 versus RS-485
      • USB
        • USB classes
        • USB data rates
        • USB instrumentation
      • Windows Virtual Serial Ports
    • GPIB/IEEE-488
      • GPIB/IEEE-488 Signals
      • GPIB Connections
      • GPIB via USB
    • PC Bus Interface Hardware
      • Pros and Cons of Bus-Based Interfaces
      • Data Acquisition Cards
      • GPIB Interface Cards
    • Old Doesnt Mean Bad
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 8. Getting Started
    • Defining the Project
      • Requirements-Driven Design
      • Stating the Need
      • Project Objectives
    • Requirements
      • Why Requirements Matter
      • Well-Formed Requirements
      • The Big Picture
      • Requirement Types
      • Use Cases
      • Traceability
      • Capturing Requirements
    • Designing the Software
      • The Software Design Description
      • Graphics in the SDD
        • Block diagrams
        • Flowcharts
        • State diagrams
        • Message sequence charts
      • Pseudocode
      • Divide and Conquer
      • Handling Errors and Faults
        • Identifying potential failures
        • Failure responses
    • Functional Testing
      • Testing to the Requirements
      • Test Cases
      • Testing Error Handling
      • Regression Testing
      • Tracking Progress
    • Implementation
      • Coding Styles
        • Why coding style is important
        • Adopting existing coding style guidelines
      • Organizing Your Code
      • Code Reviews
      • Unit Testing
        • Defining a unit test
        • Implementing unit tests
        • assert versus assertEqual() and friends
        • Code coverage
      • Connecting to the Hardware
      • Documenting Your Software
      • Version Control
      • Defect Tracking
    • User Documentation
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 9. Control System Concepts
    • Basic Control Systems Theory
      • Linear Control Systems
      • Nonlinear Control Systems
      • Sequential Control Systems
      • Terminology and Symbols
      • Control System Block Diagrams
        • Input-output relationships
        • Feedback
      • Transfer Functions
      • Time and Frequency
        • Time and frequency domains
        • Time and control systems behavior
        • Discrete-time control systems
    • Control System Types
      • Open-Loop Control
      • Closed-Loop Control
        • Controlling positionBasic feedback
        • Controlling velocityFeed-forward and PWM controllers
      • Nonlinear Control: Bang-Bang Controllers
      • Sequential Control Systems
      • Proportional, PI, and PID Controls
        • Off-the-shelf controllers versus software implementation
        • PID overview
        • The proportional control term
        • PI and PID controls
      • Hybrid Control Systems
    • Implementing Control Systems in Python
      • Linear Proportional Controller
      • Bang-Bang Controller
      • Simple PID Controller
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 10. Building and Using Simulators
    • What Is Simulation?
      • Low Fidelity or High Fidelity
      • Simulating Errors and Faults
        • Interface faults
        • System faults
    • Using Python to Create a Simulator
      • Package and Module Organization
      • Data I/O Simulator
        • DevSim internals
        • DevSim methods
        • Some simple examples
        • User-defined functions
        • Cyclic functions
        • Noise
      • AC Power Controller Simulator
        • The SPC model
        • The SPC serial interface and virtual serial ports
        • Communicating with SPC
        • The SPC command set
        • Command descriptions
        • SPC simulator internals
        • Configuring the SPC
        • Interacting with the SPC simulator
    • Serial Terminal Emulators
      • Using Terminal Emulator Scripts
    • Displaying Simulation Data
      • gnuplot
        • Installing gnuplot on Windows
      • Using gnuplot
        • Method 1: Using Pythons popen() method
        • Method 2: gnuplot.py
        • Testing gnuplot.py
        • Using gnuplot.py
      • Plotting Simulator Data with gnuplot
    • Creating Your Own Simulators
      • Justifying a Simulator
      • The Simulation Scope
      • Time and Effort
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 11. Instrumentation Data I/O
    • Data I/O Interface Software
      • Interface Formats and Protocols
        • IVIInterchangeable Virtual Instrument
          • IVI-compliant drivers
        • VISAVirtual Instrument Software Architecture
        • SCPIStandard Commands for Programmable Instruments
        • Unique protocols
      • Python Interface Support Packages
        • pySerial
        • pyParallel
        • PyVISA
      • Alternatives for Windows
      • Using Bus-Based Hardware I/O Devices with Linux
        • The Comedi project
        • Comedi hardware support
        • Using comedi with Python
    • Data I/O: Acquiring and Writing Data
      • Basic Data I/O
        • Reading data
        • Writing data
      • Blocking Versus Nonblocking Calls
      • Data I/O Methods
        • On-demand data I/O
        • Polled data I/O
        • Acquiring data using a thread
      • Handling Data I/O Errors
        • Classes of errors
        • Error retry and system termination
        • Error/warning message single-shot logic
      • Handling Inconsistent Data
        • Waiting for stability
        • Dealing with noise: Averaging
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 12. Reading and Writing Data Files
    • ASCII Data Files
      • The Original ASCII Character Set
      • Pythons ASCII Character-Handling Methods
      • Reading and Writing ASCII Flat Files
        • Records
        • Writing ASCII data files
        • Reading ASCII data files
        • CSV files
      • Configuration Data
        • Basic configuration file organization
        • Using configuration files
      • Module AutoConvert.pyAutomatic String Conversion
      • Module FileUtils.pyASCII Data File I/O Utilities
    • Binary Data Files
      • Flat Binary Data Files
      • Handling Binary Data in Python
        • Using the ctypes module to handle structured binary data
        • Using struct to handle structured binary data
      • Image Data
        • PGM
        • PGM file structure
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 13. User Interfaces
    • Text-Based Interfaces
      • The Console
        • Example console display
        • Reading user input
        • OS-specific console I/O
        • Linux and Windows text display differences
        • Using Pythons msvcrt library module
      • ANSI Display Control Techniques
        • ANSI and Windows
        • Basic ANSI control sequences
        • The SimpleANSI library
        • Using SimpleANSI
      • Python and curses
        • curses background
        • Pythons curses library module
        • A simple data display using curses
        • Adding a subwindow
      • To Curse or Not to Curse, Is That the Question?
    • Graphical User Interfaces
      • Some GUI Background and Concepts
      • Using a GUI with Python
        • GUI objects
        • Basic GUI display structure
        • GUI functionality
        • The GUI main loop
      • TkInter
        • Planning your GUI
        • Geometry management
        • Simple TkInter example
        • Tools and resources for TkInter
      • wxPython
        • Designing a wxPython GUI
        • Building a simple wxPython GUI
        • Tools and resources for wxPython
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • 14. Real World Examples
    • Serial Interfaces
      • Simple DMM Data Capture
      • Serial Interface Discrete and Analog Data I/O Devices
      • Serial Interfaces and Speed Considerations
    • USB Example: The LabJack U3
      • LabJack Connections
      • Installing a LabJack Device
        • LabJack on Windows
        • LabJack on Linux
      • LabJack and Python
        • Installing and testing LabJackPython
        • LabJack driver structure
        • U3 configuration
        • Using the Python interface with the getFeedback() method
    • Summary
    • Suggested Reading
  • A. Free and Open Source Software Resources
  • B. Instrument Sources
    • Manufacturers
    • Used Test Equipment Sources
    • Manuals
  • Index
  • About the Author
  • Colophon
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