Open Sources 2.0. The Continuing Evolution

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• Open Sources 2.0
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  • Foreword: Source Is Everything
  • Acknowledgments
  • List of Contributors
  • Introduction
  • I. Open Source: Competition and Evolution
    • 1. The Mozilla Project: Past and Future
      • 1.1. Founding of the Mozilla Organization: Obvious for Developers, a Bold Step for Management
        • 1.1.1. Updating the Codebase
        • 1.1.2. A Disciplined Methodology
        • 1.1.3. Building an Open Source Project
      • 1.2. Young Adulthoodthe Mozilla Foundation
        • 1.2.1. Firefox and Thunderbird
      • 1.3. The Future
    • 2. Open Source and Proprietary Software Development
      • 2.1. Proprietary Versus Open Source?
        • 2.1.1. The Example Culture
          • 2.1.1.1. Code reuse? Knowledge reuse!
          • 2.1.1.2. Speed of development
          • 2.1.1.3. A particularly difficult codebase
      • 2.2. Comfort
        • 2.2.1. But Why So Many of the Same Things?
        • 2.2.2. Libraries, System Calls, and Widgets
      • 2.3. Distributed Development
        • 2.3.1. Understanding Version Control
          • 2.3.1.1. CVS
          • 2.3.1.2. Subversion
          • 2.3.1.3. What About SourceSafe?
          • 2.3.1.4. The Special Case of BitKeeper
      • 2.4. Collaborative Development
        • 2.4.1. IRC/IM/Email
        • 2.4.2. VoIP
        • 2.4.3. SourceForge
      • 2.5. Software Distribution
        • 2.5.1. Dependencies
        • 2.5.2. Online Updating/Installation
      • 2.6. How Proprietary Software Development Has Changed Open Source
        • 2.6.1. Bugs/Security
        • 2.6.2. Testing and QA
        • 2.6.3. Project Scaling
        • 2.6.4. Control
        • 2.6.5. Intellectual Property
      • 2.7. Some Final Words
        • 2.7.1. Free Things Are Still Cheaper Than Expensive Things
    • 3. A Tale of Two Standards
      • 3.1. The POSIX Standard
      • 3.2. First Implementation Past the Post
      • 3.3. Future Proofing
      • 3.4. Wither POSIX?
      • 3.5. The Win32 (Windows) Standard
      • 3.6. The Tar Pit: Backward Compatibility
      • 3.7. World Domination, Fast
      • 3.8. Wither Win32?
      • 3.9. Choosing a Standard
    • 4. Open Source and Security
      • 4.1. Many Eyes
      • 4.2. Open Versus Closed Source
        • 4.2.1. Who Is the Audience?
        • 4.2.2. Time to Fix
        • 4.2.3. Visibility of Bugs and Changes
        • 4.2.4. Review
        • 4.2.5. Whos the Boss?
      • 4.3. Digression: Threat Models
      • 4.4. The Future
      • 4.5. Interesting Projects
      • 4.6. Conclusion
    • 5. Dual Licensing
      • 5.1. Business and Politics
      • 5.2. Open Source: Distribution Versus Development
      • 5.3. A Primer on Intellectual Property
        • 5.3.1. Ownership
        • 5.3.2. Licensing
      • 5.4. Dual Licensing
        • 5.4.1. Reciprocity
        • 5.4.2. Warranty
        • 5.4.3. Competitive Issues
        • 5.4.4. Ownership
      • 5.5. Practical Considerations
        • 5.5.1. Attractive Margins
        • 5.5.2. Capital
        • 5.5.3. Choosing Licenses
        • 5.5.4. Need and Pain
        • 5.5.5. Measuring the Market
        • 5.5.6. Piracy
        • 5.5.7. The Social Contract
      • 5.6. Trends and the Future
      • 5.7. Global Development
      • 5.8. Open Models
      • 5.9. The Future of Software
    • 6. Open Source and the Commoditization of Software
      • 6.1. Commoditization and the IT Industry
      • 6.2. Decommoditization: The Failure of Open Systems
      • 6.3. Linux: A Response from the Trenches
      • 6.4. "So, How Do You Make Money from Free Software?"
      • 6.5. The First Business Models for Linux
      • 6.6. Linux Commercialization at a Crossroads
      • 6.7. Proprietary Linux?
      • 6.8. What's at Stake?
    • 7. Open Source and the Commodity Urge: Disruptive Models for a Disruptive Development Process
      • 7.1. Introduction
      • 7.2. A Brief History of Software
      • 7.3. A New Brand of Intellectual Property Protection
      • 7.4. Open Distribution, Not Source
        • 7.4.1. The Open Source Weapon
        • 7.4.2. Proliferating Open Source Beyond the Enterprise
        • 7.4.3. So, Why Not Freeware?
          • 7.4.3.1. Don't view. Don't modify. What do you do?
          • 7.4.3.2. Open source. Open choice. Open wallet.
      • 7.5. Open Source Business Models
        • 7.5.1. Both Source (a.k.a. Mixed Source) Model
        • 7.5.2. Professional Open Source (a.k.a. Services) Model
        • 7.5.3. Dual-License Model
        • 7.5.4. ASP Model
        • 7.5.5. Other Models
          • 7.5.5.1. Managed source model
          • 7.5.5.2. Code-level service model
      • 7.6. Conclusion
    • 8. Under the Hood: Open Source and Open Standards Business Models in Context
      • 8.1. Open Standards
      • 8.2. Open Source Software
      • 8.3. The Real Business Model
      • 8.4. Open Source Complements
      • 8.5. Open Standards Complements
      • 8.6. Conclusion
    • 9. Open Source and the Small Entrepreneur
      • 9.1. Introduction
      • 9.2. Freemacs and Open Source
      • 9.3. Freemacs and Business
      • 9.4. Packet Drivers
      • 9.5. Packet Driver Income
      • 9.6. Qmail
      • 9.7. Open Source Economics
      • 9.8. Where Do We Go from Here?
      • 9.9. For Further Reading
    • 10. Why Open Source Needs Copyright Politics
      • 10.1. From Movable Type to MovableType
      • 10.2. Copyright in Code
      • 10.3. Secondary Liability
      • 10.4. Anticircumvention
      • 10.5. The Threat to Research
      • 10.6. Technology Mandates
      • 10.7. What About That Media Server?
    • 11. Libre Software in Europe
      • 11.1. Brief Summary of an Already Long History
      • 11.2. The Development Community
      • 11.3. The Organization of the Community
      • 11.4. Libre Software in the Private Sector
      • 11.5. Public Administrations and Libre Software
        • 11.5.1. Actions by the European Commission
        • 11.5.2. National Initiatives
        • 11.5.3. Other Initiatives in the Public Sector
      • 11.6. Legal Issues
        • 11.6.1. EU Directives with Negative Impact
        • 11.6.2. Libre Software Licenses in Europe
      • 11.7. Libre Software in Education
      • 11.8. Research on Libre Software
      • 11.9. The Future Is Hard to Read....
    • 12. OSS in India
      • 12.1. Business
        • 12.1.1. Domestic Market
        • 12.1.2. Outsourcing and OSS
      • 12.2. Government
      • 12.3. Challenges in Local Adoption of OSS
        • 12.3.1. Support
        • 12.3.2. Piracy
        • 12.3.3. Localization
        • 12.3.4. Culture
        • 12.3.5. Software Patents
      • 12.4. OSS in Education
      • 12.5. Conclusion
    • 13. When China Dances with OSS
      • 13.1. What OSS Was and Is in China
        • 13.1.1. What OSS Means in China
        • 13.1.2. Status of OSS in China
        • 13.1.3. OSS Business Models in China
      • 13.2. SWOT Analysis of OSS in China
        • 13.2.1. Strengths
        • 13.2.2. Opportunities
          • 13.2.2.1. The market for embedded software outside the conventional desktop or server opportunities
          • 13.2.2.2. Delivering innovations and unique end-user values on top of available OSSvalues not currently served by the presently available software.
      • 13.3. Where OSS Is Going for China and Beyond
    • 14. How Much Freedom Do You Want?
      • 14.1. Livre Versus Gratis
      • 14.2. Background for Freedom: The Market
      • 14.3. Developing the Software Livre Movement
      • 14.4. Not About Price, but About Choice
      • 14.5. Choice Requires More Than Free Software
      • 14.6. How Java Technology Can Help
      • 14.7. Java Provides the Other Side of the Choice
      • 14.8. Walking the Path
      • 14.9. What to Do?
      • 14.10. We Are Getting There
      • 14.11. References
  • II. Beyond Open Source: Collaboration and Community
    • 15. Making a New World
    • 16. The Open Source Paradigm Shift
      • 16.1. Software as Commodity
      • 16.2. Network-Enabled Collaboration
      • 16.3. Customizability and Software-as-Service
      • 16.4. Building the Internet Operating System
      • 16.5. Conclusion
    • 17. Extending Open Source Principles Beyond Software Development
      • 17.1. How Did It Happen and How Does It Work?
      • 17.2. Working as a Group
      • 17.3. Dealing with the Disrupters
      • 17.4. The Difference Between Doing Legal Research in Public and Writing Software in Public
      • 17.5. Why and When It Works
    • 18. Open Source Biology
      • 18.1. The Rise of Modern Biotechnology
      • 18.2. Intellectual Property and Growing Challenges
      • 18.3. Open Source Biology
      • 18.4. Synthetic Biology and Genomic Programming
      • 18.5. The Risk of Biological Hacking
      • 18.6. Future Trends in Open Source Biology
    • 19. Everything Is Known
      • 19.1. The PACT Project
      • 19.2. The World Trade Center Recovery Effort
      • 19.3. Facilitating Emergent Collaboration
      • 19.4. Acknowledgments
      • 19.5. References
    • 20. The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir
      • 20.1. Some Recent Press Reports
      • 20.2. Nupedia
      • 20.3. The Origins of Wikipedia
      • 20.4. Wikipedia's First Few Months
        • 20.4.1. Why Wikipedia started working
      • 20.5. A Series of Controversies
        • 20.5.1. The governance challenge
      • 20.6. My Resignation and Final Few Months with the Project
      • 20.7. Final Attempts to Save Nupedia
      • 20.8. Conclusions
    • 21. Open Beyond Software
      • 21.1. Sports Equipment Innovation by Users and Their Communities
        • 21.1.1. The User Innovation Process in Three Sports
          • 21.1.1.1. Discovery through use
          • 21.1.1.2. Communities: cooperation among users
          • 21.1.1.3. Commercialization
        • 21.1.2. How Important Is Community-Based Innovation in These Sports?
          • 21.1.2.1. Product origins: first-of-type innovations
          • 21.1.2.2. Major improvement innovations
      • 21.2. Community-Based Innovation and Development: An Even Broader Phenomenon
        • 21.2.1. The Automobile
        • 21.2.2. The Personal Computer
        • 21.2.3. User Firms in the 18th Century Iron Industry
        • 21.2.4. Amateur Astronomy
      • 21.3. Reframing: Where Does Innovation Come From?
        • 21.3.1. Building and Preserving the Intellectual Commons
        • 21.3.2. Firm Strategy
      • 21.4. Conclusion
      • 21.5. References
    • 22. Patterns of Governance in Open Source
      • 22.1. The Empirical Problem Set: What Are We Aiming At?
      • 22.2. The Theoretical Problem: How Is Knowledge Distributed?
      • 22.3. Design Principles for a Referee Function
        • 22.3.1. Weighting of Contributions
        • 22.3.2. Evaluating the Contributor Versus Evaluating the Contribution
        • 22.3.3. Status Quo Versus Change Bias
        • 22.3.4. Timing
        • 22.3.5. Granularity of Knowledge
        • 22.3.6. System Failure Mode
        • 22.3.7. Security
      • 22.4. What Should We Do Differently?
    • 23. Communicating Many to Many
      • 23.1. The Origins of Slashdot
      • 23.2. Slashdot in the Early Days
      • 23.3. The Slashdot Effect
      • 23.4. Trolls, Anonymous Cowards, and Insensitive Clods
      • 23.5. Columbine
      • 23.6. Slashdot Grows Up
      • 23.7. September 11
      • 23.8. Conclusion
  • III. Appendixes
    • A. The Open Source Definition
      • A.1. The Open Source Definition, Version 1.9
        • A.1.1. Introduction
        • A.1.2. 1. Free Redistribution
        • A.1.3. 2. Source Code
        • A.1.4. 3. Derived Works
        • A.1.5. 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code
        • A.1.6. 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
        • A.1.7. 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
        • A.1.8. 7. Distribution of License
        • A.1.9. 8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
        • A.1.10. 9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software
    • B. Referenced Open Source Licenses
      • B.1. The BSD License
      • B.2. The GNU General Public License (GPL)
        • B.2.1. Version 2, June 1991
        • B.2.2. Preamble
        • B.2.3. Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification
        • B.2.4. NO WARRANTY
        • B.2.5. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
      • B.3. The Sleepycat License
      • B.4. The Creative Commons License
        • B.4.1. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5
          • B.4.1.1. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.5
          • B.4.1.2. License
    • C. Columns from Slashdot
      • C.1. Simple Solutions
      • C.2. Why Kids Kill
  • Index
  • About the Authors
  • Colophon
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