Internet Core Protocols: The Definitive Guide. Help for Network Administrators

Spis treści książki

• Internet Core Protocols: The Definitive Guide
• A Note Regarding Supplemental Files
• Foreword
• Preface
  • Audience
  • Organization
  • How to Read This Book
    • Terminology
    • Images
    • The Authors Test Network
  • Font Conventions
  • How to Contact Us
  • Acknowledgments
• 1. An Introduction to TCP/IP
  • 1.1. A Brief History of the Internet
    • 1.1.1. TCP/IP to the Rescue
    • 1.1.2. The Internet Today
    • 1.1.3. The Internet, Defined
  • 1.2. TCP/IPs Architecture
    • 1.2.1. An Introduction to the OSI Reference Model
    • 1.2.2. Comparing TCP/IP to the OSI Reference Model
  • 1.3. TCP/IP Protocols and Services In-Depth
    • 1.3.1. Data-Link Services
    • 1.3.2. The Internet Protocol
    • 1.3.3. The Address Resolution Protocol
    • 1.3.4. The Internet Control Message Protocol
    • 1.3.5. The Transport Protocols
      • 1.3.5.1. The Transmission Control Protocol
      • 1.3.5.2. The User Datagram Protocol
    • 1.3.6. Presentation Services
    • 1.3.7. Application Protocols
  • 1.4. How Application Protocols Communicate Over IP
    • 1.4.1. Servers Listen for Incoming Connections
    • 1.4.2. Clients Open Connections to Servers
• 2. The Internet Protocol
  • 2.1. The IP Standard
    • 2.1.1. IP Datagrams Versus IP Packets
    • 2.1.2. Local Versus Remote Delivery
      • 2.1.2.1. How IP finds remote hosts and networks
      • 2.1.2.2. Route aggregation
    • 2.1.3. Datagram Independence
    • 2.1.4. Housekeeping and Maintenance
      • 2.1.4.1. Header checksums
      • 2.1.4.2. Time-to-Live
    • 2.1.5. Fragmentation and Reassembly
    • 2.1.6. Prioritization and Service-Based Routing
  • 2.2. The IP Header
    • Reference Section
      • Version
    • Reference Section
      • Header Length
    • Reference Section
      • Type-of-Service Flags
    • Reference Section
      • Total Packet Length
    • Reference Section
      • Fragmentation Identifier
    • Reference Section
      • Fragmentation Flags
    • Reference Section
      • Fragmentation Offset
    • Reference Section
      • Time-to-Live
    • Reference Section
      • Protocol Identifier
    • Reference Section
      • Header Checksum
    • Reference Section
      • Source IP Address
    • Reference Section
      • Destination IP Address
    • Reference Section
      • IP Options
    • Reference Section
      • Padding
    • 2.2.1. Notes on IP Options
      • End of Option List
      • No Operation
      • Security Options
      • Record Route
      • Loose Source Routing
      • Strict Source Routing
      • Router Alert
      • Timestamp
  • 2.3. IP in Action
    • 2.3.1. Notes on IP Routing
    • 2.3.2. Notes on Fragmentation
    • 2.3.3. Notes on Precedence and Type-of-Service
  • 2.4. Troubleshooting IP
    • 2.4.1. Misconfigured Routing Tables
    • 2.4.2. Media-Related Issues
    • 2.4.3. Fragmentation Problems
• 3. The Address Resolution Protocol
  • 3.1. The ARP Standard
    • 3.1.1. The ARP Cache
      • 3.1.1.1. Cache size issues
      • 3.1.1.2. Cache timeout issues
      • 3.1.1.3. Static caching
    • 3.1.2. Proxy ARP
    • 3.1.3. Variations on the ARP Theme
      • 3.1.3.1. Inverse ARP (InARP)
      • 3.1.3.2. Reverse ARP (RARP)
      • 3.1.3.3. DHCP ARP
      • 3.1.3.4. Gratuitous ARP
      • 3.1.3.5. UnARP
  • 3.2. The ARP Packet
    • Hardware Type
    • Protocol Type (IP)
    • Hardware Address Length
    • Protocol Address Length
    • Message Type
    • Source Hardware Address
    • Source Protocol (IP) Address
    • Destination Hardware Address
    • Destination Protocol (IP) Address
  • 3.3. ARP in Action
    • 3.3.1. A Typical Exchange
    • 3.3.2. Notes on DHCP ARP
    • 3.3.3. Notes on Gratuitous ARP
  • 3.4. Debugging ARP Problems
    • 3.4.1. Lots of ARP Requests from Network Clients
    • 3.4.2. Bursted Duplicate ARP Requests
    • 3.4.3. Clients Cant Connect to Network Resources
    • 3.4.4. ARP Tables Are Fine, but Still No Connections
• 4. Multicasting and the Internet Group Management Protocol
  • 4.1. The IP Multicasting and IGMP Specifications
    • 4.1.1. An Introduction to IP Multicasting
    • 4.1.2. Local Multicasting
    • 4.1.3. Distributed Multicasting
      • 4.1.3.1. Limited forwarding
      • 4.1.3.2. Time-to-Live considerations
    • 4.1.4. Managing Group Memberships
      • 4.1.4.1. Membership reports
      • 4.1.4.2. Leave reports
      • 4.1.4.3. Membership queries
  • 4.2. IGMP Messages
    • 4.2.1. IGM Message Headers
      • Version
      • Message Type
      • Maximum Response Time
      • Checksum
      • Multicast Group
    • 4.2.2. IGMP Message Types
      • Membership Query
      • IGMPv1 Membership Report
      • IGMPv2 Membership Report
      • Leave Report
  • 4.3. Multicasting and IGMP in Action
    • 4.3.1. Simple Multicast Traffic
    • 4.3.2. Membership and Leave Reports
    • 4.3.3. Membership Queries and Reports
  • 4.4. Troubleshooting Multicasts and IGMP
• 5. The Internet Control Message Protocol
  • 5.1. The ICMP Specification
    • 5.1.1. The Need for ICMP
    • 5.1.2. When Not to Send ICMP Messages
    • 5.1.3. Reporting on Delivery Problems
      • 5.1.3.1. Destination Unreachable error messages
      • 5.1.3.2. Time Exceeded error messages
      • 5.1.3.3. Redirect error messages
      • 5.1.3.4. Source Quench error messages
      • 5.1.3.5. Parameter Problem error messages
    • 5.1.4. Probing the Network
      • 5.1.4.1. Echo Request and Echo Reply query messages
      • 5.1.4.2. Timestamp Request and Timestamp Reply query messages
      • 5.1.4.3. Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply query messages
      • 5.1.4.4. Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement query messages
  • 5.2. ICMP Messages
    • 5.2.1. ICMP Error Messages
      • 5.2.1.1. Error message headers
        • Message Type
        • Message Code
        • Checksum
        • Message Data
        • Original Headers
        • Original Data
      • 5.2.1.2. Error message types and codes
        • Destination Unreachable
        • Source Quench
        • Redirect
        • Time Exceeded
        • Parameter Problem
    • 5.2.2. ICMP Query Messages
      • 5.2.2.1. Query message headers
        • Message Type
        • Message Code
        • Checksum
        • Additional Fields
      • 5.2.2.2. Query message types and codes
        • Echo Request and Echo Reply
        • Timestamp Request and Timestamp Reply
        • Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply
        • Router Solicitation
        • Router Advertisement
  • 5.3. ICMP in Action
    • 5.3.1. Notes on Reading ICMP Error Messages
    • 5.3.2. Notes on ping
    • 5.3.3. Notes on traceroute
    • 5.3.4. Notes on Path MTU Discovery
  • 5.4. Troubleshooting ICMP
    • 5.4.1. Firewalls Blocking ICMP Traffic
    • 5.4.2. Misconfigured Routing Tables
    • 5.4.3. Large Quantities of Redirect Error Messages
      • 5.4.3.1. Router Discovery
      • 5.4.3.2. Misconfigured subnet masks
    • 5.4.4. First Packet from ping Always Fails
• 6. The User Datagram Protocol
  • 6.1. The UDP Standard
    • 6.1.1. UDP Is an Unreliable, Datagram-CentricTransport Protocol
      • 6.1.1.1. Limited reliability
      • 6.1.1.2. Datagram-centric transport services
    • 6.1.2. UDP Ports
      • 6.1.2.1. Well-known ports
  • 6.2. The UDP Header
    • Source Port
    • Destination Port
    • Length
    • Checksum
  • 6.3. Troubleshooting UDP
    • 6.3.1. ICMP Destination Unreachable: PortUnreachable Error Messages
    • 6.3.2. UDP-Based Application Failures
    • 6.3.3. Misconfigured or Missing Services File
    • 6.3.4. Firewalls Blocking UDP Messages
    • 6.3.5. Datagrams Are Corrupted or Never Sent
• 7. The Transmission Control Protocol
  • 7.1. The TCP Standard
    • 7.1.1. TCP Is a Reliable, Connection-Centric Transport Protocol
    • 7.1.2. Services Provided by TCP
    • 7.1.3. Virtual Circuits
    • 7.1.4. Application I/O Management
      • 7.1.4.1. Application addressing with TCP ports
      • 7.1.4.2. Opening a circuit
      • 7.1.4.3. Exchanging data
      • 7.1.4.4. Closing a circuit
      • 7.1.4.5. Application design issues
      • 7.1.4.6. Keep-alives
    • 7.1.5. Network I/O Management
      • 7.1.5.1. Buffer size considerations
      • 7.1.5.2. MTU and MRU size considerations
      • 7.1.5.3. Path MTU discovery
      • 7.1.5.4. Header size considerations
      • 7.1.5.5. Data considerations
    • 7.1.6. Flow Control
      • 7.1.6.1. A note on local blocking
      • 7.1.6.2. Receive window size adjustments
      • 7.1.6.3. Sliding receive windows
      • 7.1.6.4. The Silly Window Syndrome
      • 7.1.6.5. The Nagle algorithm
      • 7.1.6.6. Congestion window sizing
      • 7.1.6.7. Slow start
      • 7.1.6.8. Congestion avoidance
    • 7.1.7. Reliability
      • 7.1.7.1. TCP checksums
      • 7.1.7.2. Sequence numbers
      • 7.1.7.3. Acknowledgment numbers
      • 7.1.7.4. Acknowledgment timers
      • 7.1.7.5. Delayed acknowledgments
  • 7.2. The TCP Header
    • Reference Section
      • Source Port
    • Reference Section
      • Destination Port
    • Reference Section
      • Sequence Identifier
    • Reference Section
      • Acknowledgment Identifier
    • Reference Section
      • Header Length
    • Reference Section
      • Reserved
    • Reference Section
      • Control Flags
    • Reference Section
      • Window
    • Reference Section
      • Checksum
    • Reference Section
      • Urgent Pointer
    • Reference Section
      • TCP Options
    • Reference Section
      • Padding
    • 7.2.1. Notes on TCP Options
      • End of Option List
      • No Operation
      • Maximum Segment Size
      • Window Scale
      • Selective Acknowledgments Permitted
      • Selective Acknowledgment Data
      • Timestamp
  • 7.3. TCP in Action
    • 7.3.1. A Complete Session
    • 7.3.2. Notes on Virtual Circuit State Changes
    • 7.3.3. Opening and Closing Virtual Circuits
    • 7.3.4. Interactive Data Exchange
    • 7.3.5. Bulk Data Transfer and Error Recovery
    • 7.3.6. Notes on Determining the Optimal Receive Window Size
  • 7.4. Troubleshooting TCP
    • 7.4.1. Rejected Connections
    • 7.4.2. Lost Circuits
    • 7.4.3. Partially Filled Segments or Long Gaps Between Sends
      • 7.4.3.1. Interactions between Nagle and delayed acknowledgments
      • 7.4.3.2. Wrong MTU sizes
      • 7.4.3.3. Uneven MTU multiples
      • 7.4.3.4. Small send windows and excessively delayed acknowledgments
    • 7.4.4. Excessive or Slow Retransmissions
    • 7.4.5. Slow Throughput on High-Speed Networks
    • 7.4.6. Lots of Reset Command Segments
    • 7.4.7. Weird Command Segments
    • 7.4.8. Path MTU Discovery-Related Problems
    • 7.4.9. Misconfigured or Missing Services File
    • 7.4.10. Miscellaneous Interoperability Problems
• A. The Internet Standardization Process
  • A.1. The Internet Authorities
    • A.1.1. The Internet Engineering Task Force
    • A.1.2. The Internet Engineering Steering Group
    • A.1.3. The Internet Architecture Board
    • A.1.4. The Internet Research Task Force
    • A.1.5. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
    • A.1.6. The RFC Editor
  • A.2. Internet Documents (Drafts, RFCs, and STDs)
    • A.2.1. The Standards-Track Process
      • A.2.1.1. Changes to the documents
      • A.2.1.2. Requirement levels
    • A.2.2. Off-Track Documents
      • A.2.2.1. Informational RFCs
      • A.2.2.2. Historical RFCs
      • A.2.2.3. Experimental RFCs
      • A.2.2.4. Best Common Practice (BCP) RFCs
      • A.2.2.5. For Your Information (FYI) RFCs
• B. IP Addressing Fundamentals
  • B.1. IP Addresses
  • B.2. Subnet Masks
  • B.3. Subnet Classes
    • B.3.1. Class-Based Routing
    • B.3.2. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
  • B.4. Internet-Legal Versus Private Addressing
• C. Bibliography
  • Books
  • Request for Comments
• Index
• About the Author
• Colophon
• Copyright

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